On symmetry breaking of dual polyhedra of non-crystallographic group H₃

The study of the polyhedra described in this paper is relevant to the icosahedral symmetry in the assembly of various spherical molecules, biomolecules and viruses. A symmetry-breaking mechanism is applied to the family of polytopes constructed for each type of dominant point λ. Here a polytope is considered as a dual of a polytope obtained from the action of the Coxeter group H₃ on a single point . The H₃ symmetry is reduced to the symmetry of its two-dimensional subgroups H₂, A₁ × A₁ and A₂ that are used to examine the geometric structure of polytopes. The latter is presented as a stack of parallel circular/polygonal orbits known as the `pancake' structure of a polytope. Inserting more orbits into an orbit decomposition results in the extension of the structure into various nanotubes. Moreover, since a polytope may contain the orbits obtained by the action of H₃ on the seed points (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0) and (0, 0, c) within its structure, the stellations of flat-faced polytopes are constructed whenever the radii of such orbits are appropriately scaled. Finally, since the fullerene C₂₀ has the dodecahedral structure of , the construction of the smallest fullerenes C₂₄, C₂₆, C₂₈, C₃₀ together with the nanotubes C_20+6N, C_20+10N is presented.