Download citation
Download citation
link to html
The title copper complex, [Cu(H2P2O7)(C15H11N3)]2·4.5H2O, consists of two very similar independent Cu(Tpy)H2P2O7 monomeric units (Tpy is 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine) plus four and a half water mol­ecules of hydration, some of which are disordered. Tpy units bind through the usual triple bite via their N atoms, and the H2P2O72- anions coordinate through two O atoms from two different phosphate units. Each independent CuN3O2 chromophore can be described as a slightly deformed square pyramid, with one of them having a sixth, semicoordinated, O atom from a centrosymmetrically related CuN3O2 unit in a weakly bound second apical position suggesting an octa­hedral environment for the cation and weak dimerization of the molecule. The two independent complex molecules are connected via two strong O-H...O inter­actions between the phosphate groups to form hydrogen-bonded dinuclear units, further linked into [111] columns, resulting in a very complex three-dimensional supra­molecular structure through a variety of classical and nonclassical hydrogen bonds, as well as [pi]-[pi] inter­actions.

Supporting information

cif

Crystallographic Information File (CIF) https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270111012121/sq3286sup1.cif
Contains datablocks global, I

hkl

Structure factor file (CIF format) https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270111012121/sq3286Isup2.hkl
Contains datablock I

CCDC reference: 829690

Comment top

The pyrophosphate anion P2O74- ([O3P—O—PO3]4-) plays a key role in biochemistry and in applied material sciences. Inorganic pyrophosphate materials are obtained via high-temperature solid-state precursor methods or hydrothermal techniques. It is an interesting ligand because of its multidentate nature, and can give rise to many different coordination modes as it interacts with metal ions. In addition, it can be successively protonated to generate HP2O73-, H2P2O72- and H3P2O7- anions, and hence may result in an additional large variety of structural topologies.

The susceptibility of the tetra-anion to hydrolysis, particularly in the presence of MII cations, has prevented the isolation of CuII metallo-organic pyrophosphate complexes for investigation and the number of characterized structures remains limited. However, the use of chelating ligands in the synthetic route and precise control of the factors influencing the synthetic process have recently allowed a number of CuII pyrophosphate coordination complexes to be isolated and investigated for their biological, magnetic and catalytic properties (Ikotun et al., 2010). The CuII mononuclear pyrophosphate hydrate compounds H2en[Cu2(HP2O7)(en)(H2O)]2.2H2O (en = ethylenediamine), (II) (Gharbi et al., 1994), and {[(bipy)Cu(H2O)(P2O7)Na2(H2O)6].4H2O} (bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine), (III) (Doyle et al., 2005), have been reported, with each CuII atom in a similar distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry, but quite different geometry of the pyrophosphate groups. In order to further study the versatility and bonding of the pyrophosphate anion, we extend here the search into copper-based pyrophosphate systems with the tridentate 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (Tpy). Herein, we report the preparation and crystal structure of the first CuII pyrophosphate with Tpy as coligand, [Cu(Tpy)(P2O7H2)]2.4.5H2O, (I), obtained from the reaction of Cu2P2O7 and Tpy in phosphoric acid medium.

The asymmetric unit (Fig. 1) consists of two very similar, independent Cu(Tpy)(P2O7H2) monomeric units plus four and a half water molecules of hydration (see Refinement section for details on disorder). The Tpy units bind with their usual triple bite via the N atoms, and the P2O7H22- anions coordinate through two O atoms from two different phosphate units (Table 1).

Each independent CuN3O2 chromophore can be described as a slightly deformed square pyramid [τ parameters, as defined in Addison et al. (1984): (161.81–158.67)/60 = 0.05 for unit A; (163.48–159.45)/60 = 0.07 for unit B]. The polyhedra have one of the P2O7H2 O atoms, O7 (A/B), at the apex with the remaining four atoms N1, N2, N3 and O1 (A/B) defining a roughly planar square base (in what follows, pairs of values correspond to moieties A and B, respectively): r.m.s. deviation from planarity 0.0618 (3), 0.0864 (5) Å; maximum deviation 0.0718 (15) (N2A), 0.1010 (14) Å (N2B); copper cation 0.2428 (13), 0.1909 (13) Å above the plane towards the apices, which deviate 6.01 (2), 7.72 (2)° from the vertical. In unit B the coordination description is complicated because of the presence of a semicoordinated oxygen atom in a second apical position [Cu2···O1Bii: 2.910 (2) Å; symmetry code: (ii) -x + 1, -y, -z + 1] which could allow the Cu2 environment to be described as octahedral.

A search of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD, version 5.3; Allen, 2002) disclosed a copper adenosine diphosphate complex [(adenosine 5'-diphosphato-O,O')(2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)copper(II)] (Cini & Pifferi, 1999) where the pyrophosphato (= diphosphato) anion is bound to a bulky adenosine group. The compound presents a very similar Cu + Tpy + P2O7 core as in (I), the copper environment being also square pyramidal with an identical N3O basal plane and an apical O, and a comparable τ descriptor, 0.09 [0.05/0.07 for (I)]. The fact that the distortions imposed by the substituted anion lead to only slightly larger deformation of the polyhedron seems to indicate that the atomic disposition is fairly robust.

The independent Tpy units in (I) are, as expected, basically planar [r.m.s. deviation from planarity: 0.0332 (7), 0.0413 (6) Å; maximum deviation: 0.065 (3), 0.073 (2) Å for C13A, N2B] and nearly parallel to each other [interpanar angle subtended: 6.11 (4)°]. The pyrophosphate anions are singly protonated at each phosphato end, balancing the CuII charges. As a result of chelation three loops build up around each copper cation: two smaller rings of the Cu—N—C—C—N– type, involving Tpy, and a much larger Cu—O—P—O—P—O– one mediated by the pyrophosphate group.

The two independent complex molecules interact with each other by way of two strong co-operative O—H···O hydrogen bonds between adjacent dihydrogen pyrophosphate ligands (Table 2, entries 1–2). This defines a classical R(8)22 ring (labelled A in Fig. 1; for graph-set notation see Bernstein et al., 1995), and which connects A and B molecules into a noncentrosymmetric dinuclear unit. Inspection of Fig. 1 shows the way in which both phosphate anions dispose at the centre of the group and the copper and Tpy units constitute the limiting outermost ends (hereafter the Cu1 and Cu2 ends). Further linkage is achieved by hydrogen bonds mediated by the hydration water molecules O1W, O2W and O3W (Table 2, entries 3, 6, 8–10) which give rise to another two large rings with graph-set codes R33(10) and R32(10) (labelled B and C, respectively, in Fig. 1). Tables 2 (hydrogen bonding) and 3 (ππ interactions) give account of the profuse nonbonding interactions linking monomers in the crystal structure. The distribution of packing interactions is rather even in space, allowing many possible descriptions, from which we chose the one shown in Fig. 2. In this description, each dinuclear unit is connected head-to-head with its centrosymmetric images at both Cu1 and Cu2 ends, to form columns parallel to [111]. At the Cu1 side, the interaction is basically of a ππ nature (Fig. 3a and Table 3, first entry) connecting symmetry-related Tpy rings and bringing symmetry-related Cu1 centres close enough to be within an interacting distance (Table 1). The Cu2 end, in turn, connects with its symmetry-related image via a weak Cu2···O1BII contact, leading to the formation of a closed four-membered loop (Table 1 and Fig. 3b)

Interconnection between columns is achieved via the collective action of the non-depleted hydration water molecules O1W to O4W, which in addition to contributing to the dinuclear stability are crucial in the formation of the final three-dimensional structure (entries 5 and 7 in Table 2). In the process they give rise to two types of centrosymmetric rings [graph-set codes R(20)610 (D) and R(12)44 (E)] threading a line of inversion centres along [100] (Fig. 4). Further linkage between columns is provided by a large number of weaker interactions, viz. non-classical C—H···O bonds having (C—H)Tpy as donors and Ophos as acceptors (entries 11–19 in Table 2) as well as extra π···π interactions between neighbouring Tpy groups, in addition to those involved in the column formation process already described (Table 3, entries 2–3).

In spite of its disordered nature (see Refinement section for details), the O4W···O4Wx interaction [symmetry code: (x) -x+1, -y+1, -z+1] effectively serves as a real link between the two centrosymmetrically related dinuclear units to which the water molecules are attached via Tpy. The O5W···O7Bviii [symmetry code: (viii) x, y+1, z] contact, by contrast, does not because of its `terminal' character with no further interactions involving O5W.

A validation run made with the PLATON program (Spek, 2009) revealed some short interatomic contacts in the structure concerning water molecules O4W and O5W; these are either artifacts (due to disorder) or hydrogen-bonding interactions obscured by the absence in the model of the intervening H atoms (see Refinement section for details). However, and in spite of its disordered nature, the O4W···O4Wxii [symmetry code: (xii) 1 - x, 1 - y, 1 - z] interaction effectively serves as a real link between the two centrosymmetrically related dinuclear units to which the water molecules are attached via Tpy. The O5W···O7Bviii [symmetry code: (viii) x, 1 + y, z] contact, by contrast, does not because of its `terminal' character with no further interactions involving O5W.

There are few copper pyrophosphates reported in the literature (ten entries in the 5.32 version of the CSD; Allen, 2002) and only two of them are mononuclear [compounds (II) and (III) mentioned above]. In the mononuclear coordination compounds (I), (II) and (III) the pyrophosphate ligands show different degrees of protonation: P2O7H22- in (I), P2O7H3- in (II) and P2O74- in (III), depending upon reaction conditions. As a result (I) is a neutral complex, (II) is ionic (with complex units presenting a single negative charge balanced by H2en2+ counter ions) and (III) presents a centrosymmetric `zwitterionic' structure with a central Na4(H2O)124+ core, to which two (2-) complex units attach at each side to produce a neutral cluster. Also, the way in which individual phosphate groups dispose relative to one another upon chelation is notably different: in compound (II) they bind in almost eclipsed geometry, with an O—P···P—O torsion angle of 4.9 (1)° (where O represents the coordinated oxygen); in (III), instead, the groups appear almost staggered [O—P···P—O: 51.0 (1)°]; while (I) presents an intermediate position, with equivalent torsion angles of 15.6 (1) and 15.9 (1)° for units A and B, respectively.

Related literature top

For related literature, see: Addison et al. (1984); Allen (2002); Bernstein et al. (1995); Cini & Pifferi (1999); Doyle et al. (2005); Gharbi et al. (1994); Ikotun et al. (2010); Spek (2009).

Experimental top

Cu2P2O7 (0.26 g, 1 mmol) was added to 50 ml of an alcohol–water (v:v, 1:1) solution containing dissolved 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (0.26 g, 1 mmol) and stirred for 4 h at room temperature. A few drops of concentrated phosphoric acid (85%) was added to clear the solution which was then filtered. After 2 weeks green crystals were separated and dried in air. Analysis calculated for C30H26Cu2N6O14P4.4.5(H2O): C, 35.06; H, 3.44; N, 8.18. Found: C, 35.15; H, 3.45; N, 8.22. Yield based on Cu2P2O7 55%.

Refinement top

Two hydration water molecules (O4W and O5W) present positional disorder of different kinds, leading to some apparently odd short contacts, but easily accountable when disorder is taken into account. O5W is only partially occupied, with an occupancy factor which refined to a value slightly larger than 0.5. In its final position the oxygen atom `bumps' its O5Wxi [symmetry code: (xi) 2 - x, 2 - y, 1 - z] centrosymmetric image 1.830 (1) Å away, so they cannot be but mutually exclusive and the corresponding occupancy factor was accordingly fixed at 0.50. There is, in addition, a short O5W···O7Bviii [symmetry code: (viii) x, 1 + y, z] distance of 2.870 (4) Å, which can in principle be explained by a hydrogen bond donated by the depleted water molecule O5W and accepted by the pyrophosphate. On the other hand, O4W is fully occupied, but rather near [2.839 (4) Å] the inversion-related O4Wxii [symmetry code: (xii) 1 - x, 1 - y, 1 - z], a fact only accountable through hydrogen bonding but inconsistent with an inversion centre between the two identical moieties. In addition, no clear H images could be found in the difference map, for what rotational disorder is to be assumed. This disordered model would allow for the possibility of hydrogen-bonding interaction between the two neighbours, while permitting an `average' inversion operation which would apply `truly' only for the oxygen atoms but not to the H2O groups as a whole. This is not unusual in water solvates built up around a symmetry centre. All the H atoms in the structure (except those corresponding to the disordered water molecules O4W and O5W) could be located in a difference Fourier; those attached to O were further refined with restraints [for water molecules: O—H: 0.85 (1), H···H: 1.35 (2) Å; for phosphate groups: O—H: 0.85 (1), P···H: 2.05 (2) Å]. H atoms attached to C were placed at calculated positions (C—H: 0.93 Å) and allowed to ride. In all cases displacement factors were taken as U(H)iso = 1.2Uhost.

Computing details top

Data collection: MSC/AFC Diffractometer Control Software (Molecular Structure Corporation, 1988); cell refinement: MSC/AFC Diffractometer Control Software (Molecular Structure Corporation, 1988); data reduction: MSC/AFC Diffractometer Control Software (Molecular Structure Corporation, 1988); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL and PLATON (Spek, 2009).

Figures top
[Figure 1] Fig. 1. Molecular view of (I) (displacement ellipsoids drawn at the 40% level), showing atoms and centroid labelling, as well as hydrogen bonds providing dinuclear cohesion..
[Figure 2] Fig. 2. A view of the columnar motif chosen to describe the packing. Symmetry codes: (i) 2 - x,1 - y,2 - z; (ii) 1 - x,-y,1 - z.
[Figure 3] Fig. 3. Details of the interactions at the Cu1 and Cu2 ends, giving rise to the columns presented in Fig. 2. (a) The Cu1 end. Single broken line represents the π···π bonds responsible for the interaction; double broken lines represent the Cu···Cu short contact. (b) The Cu2 end, with semicoordinative interactions shown by broken lines. Symmetry codes: (i) 2 - x,1 - y,2 - z; (ii) 1 - x,-y,1 - z.
[Figure 4] Fig. 4. Details of the intercolumnar interactions. Only copper cations, pyrophosphate anions and water molecules involved in hydrogen bonding have been drawn. Columns have been represented between square brackets, for clarity. Hydrogen bonds are shown as broken lines. Symmetry codes: (iii) x - 1, y, z; (iv) -x + 2, -y, -z + 2.
Bis[(dihydrogen pyrophosphato-κ2O,O')(2,2':6',2''- terpyridine-κ2N,N')copper(II)] 4.5-hydrate top
Crystal data top
[Cu(H2P2O7)(C15H11N3)]2·4.5H2OZ = 2
Mr = 1026.60F(000) = 1046
Triclinic, P1Dx = 1.788 Mg m3
Hall symbol: -P 1Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
a = 11.2894 (17) ÅCell parameters from 25 reflections
b = 13.539 (2) Åθ = 7.5–12.5°
c = 13.606 (2) ŵ = 1.37 mm1
α = 73.915 (13)°T = 295 K
β = 78.438 (14)°Block, blue
γ = 74.410 (12)°0.32 × 0.30 × 0.26 mm
V = 1906.8 (5) Å3
Data collection top
Rigaku AFC6
diffractometer
5449 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tubeRint = 0.024
Graphite monochromatorθmax = 26.0°, θmin = 1.6°
ω/2θ scansh = 1313
Absorption correction: ψ scan
North et al., 1968.
k = 161
Tmin = 0.61, Tmax = 0.70l = 1616
8505 measured reflections3 standard reflections every 150 reflections
7493 independent reflections intensity decay: 1%
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: fullSecondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.035Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F2) = 0.101H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
S = 1.03 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0533P)2 + 0.7109P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
7493 reflections(Δ/σ)max = 0.001
581 parametersΔρmax = 0.52 e Å3
18 restraintsΔρmin = 0.58 e Å3
Crystal data top
[Cu(H2P2O7)(C15H11N3)]2·4.5H2Oγ = 74.410 (12)°
Mr = 1026.60V = 1906.8 (5) Å3
Triclinic, P1Z = 2
a = 11.2894 (17) ÅMo Kα radiation
b = 13.539 (2) ŵ = 1.37 mm1
c = 13.606 (2) ÅT = 295 K
α = 73.915 (13)°0.32 × 0.30 × 0.26 mm
β = 78.438 (14)°
Data collection top
Rigaku AFC6
diffractometer
5449 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Absorption correction: ψ scan
North et al., 1968.
Rint = 0.024
Tmin = 0.61, Tmax = 0.703 standard reflections every 150 reflections
8505 measured reflections intensity decay: 1%
7493 independent reflections
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.03518 restraints
wR(F2) = 0.101H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
S = 1.03Δρmax = 0.52 e Å3
7493 reflectionsΔρmin = 0.58 e Å3
581 parameters
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/UeqOcc. (<1)
Cu10.91119 (4)0.48453 (3)0.90371 (3)0.02615 (11)
Cu20.64597 (3)0.03332 (3)0.55620 (3)0.02569 (10)
P1A0.97504 (7)0.24110 (6)0.92865 (6)0.02497 (18)
P2A0.78864 (8)0.35606 (6)0.79143 (6)0.02576 (18)
O1A0.9914 (2)0.33932 (17)0.95128 (18)0.0321 (5)
O2A0.8714 (2)0.20098 (19)1.01331 (17)0.0349 (5)
H2A0.856 (3)0.1455 (18)1.008 (2)0.042*
O3A1.0885 (2)0.15682 (19)0.91752 (19)0.0383 (6)
O4A0.9188 (2)0.27478 (17)0.82086 (16)0.0275 (5)
O5A0.6869 (2)0.29362 (19)0.85088 (19)0.0346 (5)
H5A0.693 (3)0.2394 (18)0.829 (2)0.042*
O6A0.7964 (2)0.37223 (18)0.67704 (18)0.0363 (6)
O7A0.7716 (2)0.45047 (17)0.83289 (18)0.0329 (5)
P1B0.50394 (8)0.20339 (7)0.55952 (7)0.02971 (19)
P2B0.72701 (7)0.13331 (6)0.66680 (6)0.02347 (17)
O1B0.5178 (2)0.09465 (17)0.54477 (18)0.0319 (5)
O2B0.5474 (3)0.2762 (2)0.4602 (2)0.0452 (6)
H2B0.510 (3)0.3412 (9)0.4501 (19)0.054*
O3B0.3737 (2)0.25169 (19)0.60538 (19)0.0378 (6)
O4B0.5877 (2)0.19400 (19)0.64573 (19)0.0378 (6)
O5B0.8100 (2)0.21130 (19)0.60294 (18)0.0363 (6)
H5B0.803 (3)0.2625 (17)0.630 (2)0.044*
O6B0.7233 (2)0.12023 (17)0.78110 (17)0.0303 (5)
O7B0.7645 (2)0.03633 (17)0.62635 (18)0.0308 (5)
N1A0.7869 (3)0.5036 (2)1.0320 (2)0.0304 (6)
N2A0.8690 (2)0.6367 (2)0.8781 (2)0.0259 (6)
N3A1.0366 (2)0.5209 (2)0.7759 (2)0.0289 (6)
C1A0.7477 (3)0.4275 (3)1.1067 (3)0.0381 (8)
H1A0.78560.35751.10610.046*
C2A0.6531 (4)0.4484 (3)1.1849 (3)0.0438 (9)
H2C0.62900.39361.23690.053*
C3A0.5944 (4)0.5525 (3)1.1846 (3)0.0478 (10)
H3C0.53040.56881.23640.057*
C4A0.6329 (3)0.6319 (3)1.1058 (3)0.0423 (9)
H4A0.59360.70221.10300.051*
C5A0.7304 (3)0.6053 (3)1.0314 (3)0.0297 (7)
C6A0.7802 (3)0.6825 (3)0.9438 (3)0.0279 (7)
C7A0.7441 (3)0.7921 (3)0.9257 (3)0.0337 (8)
H7A0.68400.82440.97160.040*
C8A0.7997 (3)0.8514 (3)0.8381 (3)0.0369 (8)
H8A0.77530.92470.82370.044*
C9A0.8927 (3)0.8025 (3)0.7704 (3)0.0342 (8)
H9A0.93040.84230.71130.041*
C10A0.9269 (3)0.6930 (2)0.7941 (2)0.0273 (7)
C11A1.0257 (3)0.6265 (2)0.7354 (2)0.0272 (7)
C12A1.1024 (3)0.6649 (3)0.6477 (3)0.0351 (8)
H12A1.09260.73730.62050.042*
C13A1.1933 (4)0.5947 (3)0.6011 (3)0.0406 (8)
H13A1.24680.61920.54340.049*
C14A1.2039 (3)0.4867 (3)0.6418 (3)0.0392 (8)
H14A1.26320.43800.61080.047*
C15A1.1246 (3)0.4535 (3)0.7288 (3)0.0354 (8)
H15A1.13220.38140.75610.042*
N1B0.7522 (2)0.0023 (2)0.4168 (2)0.0278 (6)
N2B0.7415 (2)0.1747 (2)0.5514 (2)0.0259 (6)
N3B0.5681 (2)0.1181 (2)0.6908 (2)0.0276 (6)
C1B0.7506 (3)0.0917 (3)0.3517 (3)0.0357 (8)
H1B0.69450.15080.36860.043*
C2B0.8303 (4)0.1040 (3)0.2594 (3)0.0414 (9)
H2D0.82830.17070.21570.050*
C3B0.9114 (4)0.0179 (3)0.2335 (3)0.0446 (9)
H3B0.96400.02510.17120.053*
C4B0.9154 (3)0.0811 (3)0.3004 (3)0.0369 (8)
H4B0.97110.14080.28440.044*
C5B0.8342 (3)0.0880 (3)0.3914 (2)0.0266 (7)
C6B0.8266 (3)0.1879 (3)0.4692 (2)0.0267 (7)
C7B0.8941 (3)0.2893 (3)0.4624 (3)0.0368 (8)
H7B0.95540.29950.40690.044*
C8B0.8676 (3)0.3739 (3)0.5397 (3)0.0394 (8)
H8B0.91160.44180.53630.047*
C9B0.7762 (3)0.3592 (3)0.6226 (3)0.0354 (8)
H9B0.75710.41640.67410.042*
C10B0.7145 (3)0.2572 (3)0.6263 (3)0.0279 (7)
C11B0.6142 (3)0.2237 (3)0.7081 (3)0.0290 (7)
C12B0.5713 (3)0.2934 (3)0.7953 (3)0.0364 (8)
H12B0.60270.36580.80500.044*
C13B0.4800 (3)0.2521 (3)0.8679 (3)0.0422 (9)
H13B0.44950.29660.92720.051*
C14B0.4357 (3)0.1447 (3)0.8510 (3)0.0429 (9)
H14B0.37600.11570.89930.051*
C15B0.4807 (3)0.0804 (3)0.7615 (3)0.0368 (8)
H15B0.44890.00790.75000.044*
O1W0.3134 (3)0.1603 (4)0.8022 (3)0.0823 (12)
H1WA0.2394 (19)0.160 (4)0.829 (3)0.099*
H1WB0.313 (4)0.202 (4)0.744 (2)0.099*
O2W0.8150 (3)0.0419 (2)0.9779 (2)0.0463 (7)
H2WA0.840 (4)0.0221 (12)1.008 (3)0.056*
H2WB0.796 (4)0.043 (3)0.9202 (17)0.056*
O3W0.4998 (3)0.0852 (3)0.9177 (2)0.0630 (9)
H3WB0.566 (2)0.093 (4)0.877 (3)0.076*
H3WA0.453 (3)0.073 (2)0.883 (3)0.076*
O4W0.4414 (3)0.4860 (2)0.4234 (3)0.0647 (9)
O5W1.0048 (5)0.9335 (5)0.5415 (4)0.0515 (14)0.50
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
Cu10.0312 (2)0.01854 (19)0.0286 (2)0.00577 (15)0.00429 (16)0.00523 (15)
Cu20.0273 (2)0.02001 (19)0.0263 (2)0.00198 (15)0.00021 (15)0.00557 (15)
P1A0.0272 (4)0.0178 (4)0.0271 (4)0.0026 (3)0.0046 (3)0.0026 (3)
P2A0.0308 (4)0.0183 (4)0.0290 (4)0.0047 (3)0.0082 (3)0.0048 (3)
O1A0.0385 (13)0.0209 (11)0.0390 (13)0.0061 (10)0.0157 (11)0.0036 (10)
O2A0.0442 (14)0.0324 (13)0.0283 (12)0.0157 (11)0.0019 (10)0.0055 (10)
O3A0.0347 (13)0.0263 (12)0.0462 (15)0.0040 (10)0.0073 (11)0.0056 (11)
O4A0.0287 (11)0.0240 (11)0.0271 (11)0.0014 (9)0.0018 (9)0.0074 (9)
O5A0.0317 (12)0.0281 (13)0.0456 (14)0.0076 (10)0.0031 (11)0.0118 (11)
O6A0.0547 (15)0.0266 (12)0.0320 (13)0.0133 (11)0.0147 (11)0.0038 (10)
O7A0.0394 (13)0.0197 (11)0.0431 (14)0.0015 (10)0.0157 (11)0.0109 (10)
P1B0.0305 (4)0.0224 (4)0.0359 (5)0.0019 (3)0.0128 (4)0.0082 (4)
P2B0.0247 (4)0.0201 (4)0.0261 (4)0.0040 (3)0.0054 (3)0.0057 (3)
O1B0.0274 (12)0.0254 (12)0.0428 (13)0.0002 (9)0.0090 (10)0.0104 (10)
O2B0.0522 (16)0.0300 (13)0.0427 (15)0.0032 (12)0.0011 (12)0.0026 (12)
O3B0.0266 (12)0.0351 (13)0.0475 (15)0.0085 (10)0.0095 (11)0.0147 (12)
O4B0.0310 (12)0.0379 (14)0.0483 (15)0.0069 (11)0.0179 (11)0.0218 (12)
O5B0.0466 (14)0.0309 (13)0.0343 (13)0.0180 (11)0.0012 (11)0.0081 (10)
O6B0.0395 (13)0.0265 (12)0.0267 (11)0.0097 (10)0.0073 (10)0.0053 (9)
O7B0.0318 (12)0.0234 (11)0.0386 (13)0.0001 (9)0.0110 (10)0.0111 (10)
N1A0.0339 (15)0.0259 (14)0.0314 (15)0.0073 (12)0.0039 (12)0.0066 (12)
N2A0.0295 (14)0.0215 (13)0.0291 (14)0.0064 (11)0.0066 (11)0.0073 (11)
N3A0.0293 (14)0.0248 (14)0.0316 (14)0.0067 (11)0.0034 (11)0.0051 (12)
C1A0.044 (2)0.0315 (19)0.039 (2)0.0129 (16)0.0048 (16)0.0057 (16)
C2A0.045 (2)0.047 (2)0.040 (2)0.0203 (19)0.0038 (17)0.0033 (18)
C3A0.040 (2)0.058 (3)0.040 (2)0.0104 (19)0.0047 (17)0.0102 (19)
C4A0.040 (2)0.041 (2)0.041 (2)0.0039 (17)0.0026 (16)0.0097 (17)
C5A0.0299 (17)0.0311 (17)0.0298 (17)0.0070 (14)0.0046 (13)0.0094 (14)
C6A0.0296 (16)0.0258 (16)0.0310 (17)0.0048 (13)0.0095 (13)0.0089 (14)
C7A0.0378 (18)0.0262 (17)0.0370 (19)0.0013 (14)0.0089 (15)0.0126 (15)
C8A0.047 (2)0.0205 (16)0.043 (2)0.0049 (15)0.0135 (17)0.0058 (15)
C9A0.0424 (19)0.0246 (17)0.0362 (18)0.0097 (15)0.0106 (15)0.0026 (14)
C10A0.0292 (16)0.0238 (16)0.0305 (17)0.0096 (13)0.0081 (13)0.0023 (13)
C11A0.0294 (16)0.0238 (16)0.0274 (16)0.0065 (13)0.0074 (13)0.0015 (13)
C12A0.0368 (19)0.0296 (18)0.0342 (18)0.0086 (15)0.0062 (15)0.0018 (15)
C13A0.041 (2)0.040 (2)0.0346 (19)0.0084 (17)0.0011 (16)0.0013 (16)
C14A0.041 (2)0.036 (2)0.037 (2)0.0030 (16)0.0009 (16)0.0116 (16)
C15A0.0360 (18)0.0283 (18)0.0393 (19)0.0058 (15)0.0025 (15)0.0074 (15)
N1B0.0274 (14)0.0281 (14)0.0274 (14)0.0053 (11)0.0019 (11)0.0083 (11)
N2B0.0260 (13)0.0256 (14)0.0284 (14)0.0051 (11)0.0065 (11)0.0089 (11)
N3B0.0269 (14)0.0257 (14)0.0296 (14)0.0054 (11)0.0036 (11)0.0065 (11)
C1B0.0383 (19)0.0315 (19)0.0344 (19)0.0056 (15)0.0035 (15)0.0062 (15)
C2B0.046 (2)0.043 (2)0.0319 (19)0.0178 (18)0.0004 (16)0.0008 (16)
C3B0.039 (2)0.060 (3)0.0320 (19)0.0133 (19)0.0041 (16)0.0109 (18)
C4B0.0336 (18)0.043 (2)0.0334 (18)0.0035 (16)0.0007 (15)0.0152 (16)
C5B0.0240 (15)0.0303 (17)0.0279 (16)0.0068 (13)0.0031 (12)0.0105 (14)
C6B0.0223 (15)0.0296 (17)0.0304 (16)0.0024 (13)0.0061 (13)0.0126 (14)
C7B0.0308 (18)0.0354 (19)0.044 (2)0.0007 (15)0.0046 (15)0.0171 (17)
C8B0.0376 (19)0.0256 (18)0.055 (2)0.0058 (15)0.0146 (17)0.0164 (17)
C9B0.044 (2)0.0202 (16)0.043 (2)0.0037 (14)0.0164 (16)0.0053 (15)
C10B0.0283 (16)0.0241 (16)0.0326 (17)0.0065 (13)0.0082 (13)0.0055 (13)
C11B0.0315 (17)0.0286 (17)0.0286 (16)0.0089 (14)0.0075 (13)0.0052 (14)
C12B0.041 (2)0.0339 (19)0.0351 (19)0.0165 (16)0.0093 (15)0.0005 (15)
C13B0.041 (2)0.053 (2)0.0320 (19)0.0230 (19)0.0001 (16)0.0013 (17)
C14B0.0338 (19)0.062 (3)0.0339 (19)0.0161 (18)0.0051 (15)0.0141 (18)
C15B0.0340 (19)0.039 (2)0.0371 (19)0.0066 (16)0.0007 (15)0.0130 (16)
O1W0.0416 (18)0.110 (3)0.072 (2)0.011 (2)0.0136 (16)0.005 (2)
O2W0.0667 (19)0.0253 (13)0.0474 (16)0.0100 (13)0.0191 (14)0.0020 (12)
O3W0.0450 (17)0.087 (2)0.0565 (19)0.0233 (17)0.0070 (14)0.0188 (18)
O4W0.083 (2)0.0391 (17)0.064 (2)0.0132 (16)0.0002 (17)0.0066 (14)
O5W0.043 (3)0.060 (4)0.045 (3)0.006 (3)0.005 (2)0.009 (3)
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
Cu1—O1A1.918 (2)C8A—H8A0.9300
Cu1—N2A1.932 (3)C9A—C10A1.388 (5)
Cu1—N1A2.039 (3)C9A—H9A0.9300
Cu1—N3A2.046 (3)C10A—C11A1.481 (4)
Cu1—O7A2.206 (2)C11A—C12A1.389 (5)
Cu2—O1B1.927 (2)C12A—C13A1.381 (5)
Cu2—N2B1.940 (3)C12A—H12A0.9300
Cu2—N1B2.032 (3)C13A—C14A1.394 (5)
Cu2—N3B2.043 (3)C13A—H13A0.9300
Cu2—O7B2.298 (2)C14A—C15A1.379 (5)
P1A—O3A1.483 (2)C14A—H14A0.9300
P1A—O1A1.510 (2)C15A—H15A0.9300
P1A—O2A1.564 (2)N1B—C1B1.332 (4)
P1A—O4A1.616 (2)N1B—C5B1.356 (4)
P2A—O7A1.488 (2)N2B—C6B1.339 (4)
P2A—O6A1.498 (2)N2B—C10B1.343 (4)
P2A—O5A1.568 (2)N3B—C15B1.334 (4)
P2A—O4A1.628 (2)N3B—C11B1.354 (4)
O2A—H2A0.84 (3)C1B—C2B1.388 (5)
O5A—H5A0.85 (3)C1B—H1B0.9300
P1B—O1B1.503 (2)C2B—C3B1.359 (6)
P1B—O2B1.515 (3)C2B—H2D0.9300
P1B—O3B1.523 (2)C3B—C4B1.391 (6)
P1B—O4B1.607 (2)C3B—H3B0.9300
P2B—O7B1.488 (2)C4B—C5B1.382 (5)
P2B—O6B1.509 (2)C4B—H4B0.9300
P2B—O5B1.564 (2)C5B—C6B1.480 (5)
P2B—O4B1.609 (2)C6B—C7B1.398 (5)
O2B—H2B0.86 (3)C7B—C8B1.378 (5)
O5B—H5B0.85 (3)C7B—H7B0.9300
N1A—C1A1.333 (4)C8B—C9B1.387 (5)
N1A—C5A1.351 (4)C8B—H8B0.9300
N2A—C10A1.341 (4)C9B—C10B1.379 (4)
N2A—C6A1.343 (4)C9B—H9B0.9300
N3A—C15A1.345 (4)C10B—C11B1.492 (5)
N3A—C11A1.363 (4)C11B—C12B1.389 (5)
C1A—C2A1.379 (5)C12B—C13B1.393 (5)
C1A—H1A0.9300C12B—H12B0.9300
C2A—C3A1.387 (6)C13B—C14B1.374 (6)
C2A—H2C0.9300C13B—H13B0.9300
C3A—C4A1.386 (6)C14B—C15B1.378 (5)
C3A—H3C0.9300C14B—H14B0.9300
C4A—C5A1.381 (5)C15B—H15B0.9300
C4A—H4A0.9300O1W—H1WA0.84 (3)
C5A—C6A1.479 (5)O1W—H1WB0.84 (3)
C6A—C7A1.392 (4)O2W—H2WA0.85 (3)
C7A—C8A1.379 (5)O2W—H2WB0.85 (3)
C7A—H7A0.9300O3W—H3WB0.85 (3)
C8A—C9A1.402 (5)O3W—H3WA0.85 (3)
Cu1···Cu1i3.7720 (8)Cu2···O1Bii2.910 (2)
Cu2···Cu2ii3.6977 (8)
O1A—Cu1—N2A161.81 (10)C6A—C7A—H7A120.8
O1A—Cu1—N1A99.04 (11)C7A—C8A—C9A120.7 (3)
N2A—Cu1—N1A79.99 (11)C7A—C8A—H8A119.7
O1A—Cu1—N3A97.85 (11)C9A—C8A—H8A119.7
N2A—Cu1—N3A79.90 (11)C10A—C9A—C8A118.2 (3)
N1A—Cu1—N3A158.67 (11)C10A—C9A—H9A120.9
O1A—Cu1—O7A94.88 (9)C8A—C9A—H9A120.9
N2A—Cu1—O7A103.29 (9)N2A—C10A—C9A120.2 (3)
N1A—Cu1—O7A91.27 (10)N2A—C10A—C11A113.2 (3)
N3A—Cu1—O7A100.19 (10)C9A—C10A—C11A126.7 (3)
O1B—Cu2—N2B163.48 (10)N3A—C11A—C12A121.6 (3)
O1B—Cu2—N1B100.79 (11)N3A—C11A—C10A113.7 (3)
N2B—Cu2—N1B79.92 (11)C12A—C11A—C10A124.8 (3)
O1B—Cu2—N3B97.87 (10)C13A—C12A—C11A119.3 (3)
N2B—Cu2—N3B79.74 (11)C13A—C12A—H12A120.3
N1B—Cu2—N3B159.45 (11)C11A—C12A—H12A120.3
O1B—Cu2—O7B91.24 (9)C12A—C13A—C14A119.1 (3)
N2B—Cu2—O7B105.28 (9)C12A—C13A—H13A120.4
N1B—Cu2—O7B90.23 (10)C14A—C13A—H13A120.4
N3B—Cu2—O7B97.93 (9)C15A—C14A—C13A118.8 (3)
O3A—P1A—O1A116.71 (14)C15A—C14A—H14A120.6
O3A—P1A—O2A112.62 (14)C13A—C14A—H14A120.6
O1A—P1A—O2A106.75 (14)N3A—C15A—C14A122.8 (3)
O3A—P1A—O4A106.32 (13)N3A—C15A—H15A118.6
O1A—P1A—O4A108.20 (12)C14A—C15A—H15A118.6
O2A—P1A—O4A105.63 (13)C1B—N1B—C5B118.6 (3)
O7A—P2A—O6A117.92 (14)C1B—N1B—Cu2126.9 (2)
O7A—P2A—O5A109.05 (14)C5B—N1B—Cu2114.5 (2)
O6A—P2A—O5A111.09 (14)C6B—N2B—C10B121.7 (3)
O7A—P2A—O4A108.80 (13)C6B—N2B—Cu2118.7 (2)
O6A—P2A—O4A104.91 (13)C10B—N2B—Cu2119.4 (2)
O5A—P2A—O4A104.08 (13)C15B—N3B—C11B118.4 (3)
P1A—O1A—Cu1130.28 (14)C15B—N3B—Cu2127.2 (2)
P1A—O2A—H2A114.1 (12)C11B—N3B—Cu2114.4 (2)
P1A—O4A—P2A128.55 (14)N1B—C1B—C2B121.9 (3)
P2A—O5A—H5A112.1 (11)N1B—C1B—H1B119.0
P2A—O7A—Cu1125.43 (13)C2B—C1B—H1B119.0
O1B—P1B—O2B111.15 (15)C3B—C2B—C1B119.4 (4)
O1B—P1B—O3B113.70 (14)C3B—C2B—H2D120.3
O2B—P1B—O3B111.29 (15)C1B—C2B—H2D120.3
O1B—P1B—O4B108.16 (13)C2B—C3B—C4B119.8 (3)
O2B—P1B—O4B108.84 (16)C2B—C3B—H3B120.1
O3B—P1B—O4B103.26 (13)C4B—C3B—H3B120.1
O7B—P2B—O6B117.84 (13)C5B—C4B—C3B117.9 (3)
O7B—P2B—O5B108.66 (13)C5B—C4B—H4B121.1
O6B—P2B—O5B110.77 (13)C3B—C4B—H4B121.1
O7B—P2B—O4B109.78 (13)N1B—C5B—C4B122.4 (3)
O6B—P2B—O4B103.81 (13)N1B—C5B—C6B113.7 (3)
O5B—P2B—O4B105.18 (14)C4B—C5B—C6B124.0 (3)
P1B—O1B—Cu2135.88 (14)N2B—C6B—C7B119.8 (3)
P1B—O2B—H2B116.7 (12)N2B—C6B—C5B113.2 (3)
P1B—O4B—P2B134.50 (16)C7B—C6B—C5B126.9 (3)
P2B—O5B—H5B112.7 (11)C8B—C7B—C6B118.4 (3)
P2B—O7B—Cu2128.32 (13)C8B—C7B—H7B120.8
C1A—N1A—C5A119.0 (3)C6B—C7B—H7B120.8
C1A—N1A—Cu1126.6 (2)C7B—C8B—C9B121.0 (3)
C5A—N1A—Cu1113.9 (2)C7B—C8B—H8B119.5
C10A—N2A—C6A122.3 (3)C9B—C8B—H8B119.5
C10A—N2A—Cu1119.1 (2)C10B—C9B—C8B117.9 (3)
C6A—N2A—Cu1118.7 (2)C10B—C9B—H9B121.0
C15A—N3A—C11A118.3 (3)C8B—C9B—H9B121.0
C15A—N3A—Cu1127.6 (2)N2B—C10B—C9B121.0 (3)
C11A—N3A—Cu1114.0 (2)N2B—C10B—C11B112.3 (3)
N1A—C1A—C2A122.5 (3)C9B—C10B—C11B126.7 (3)
N1A—C1A—H1A118.7N3B—C11B—C12B122.1 (3)
C2A—C1A—H1A118.7N3B—C11B—C10B114.1 (3)
C1A—C2A—C3A118.8 (4)C12B—C11B—C10B123.7 (3)
C1A—C2A—H2C120.6C11B—C12B—C13B118.3 (3)
C3A—C2A—H2C120.6C11B—C12B—H12B120.9
C4A—C3A—C2A118.8 (4)C13B—C12B—H12B120.9
C4A—C3A—H3C120.6C14B—C13B—C12B119.3 (3)
C2A—C3A—H3C120.6C14B—C13B—H13B120.4
C5A—C4A—C3A119.2 (4)C12B—C13B—H13B120.4
C5A—C4A—H4A120.4C13B—C14B—C15B119.2 (3)
C3A—C4A—H4A120.4C13B—C14B—H14B120.4
N1A—C5A—C4A121.6 (3)C15B—C14B—H14B120.4
N1A—C5A—C6A114.1 (3)N3B—C15B—C14B122.7 (4)
C4A—C5A—C6A124.3 (3)N3B—C15B—H15B118.7
N2A—C6A—C7A120.3 (3)C14B—C15B—H15B118.7
N2A—C6A—C5A112.9 (3)H1WA—O1W—H1WB109 (3)
C7A—C6A—C5A126.8 (3)H2WA—O2W—H2WB107 (2)
C8A—C7A—C6A118.4 (3)H3WB—O3W—H3WA107 (2)
C8A—C7A—H7A120.8
Symmetry codes: (i) x+2, y+1, z+2; (ii) x+1, y, z+1.
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
O5A—H5A···O6B0.85 (2)1.83 (2)2.672 (3)174 (4)
O5B—H5B···O6A0.85 (2)1.75 (2)2.601 (3)175 (2)
O2A—H2A···O2W0.84 (3)1.76 (3)2.591 (4)171 (3)
O2B—H2B···O4W0.85 (2)1.86 (2)2.716 (4)175 (3)
O1W—H1WA···O3Aiii0.84 (3)1.88 (3)2.709 (5)167 (4)
O1W—H1WB···O3B0.84 (3)1.87 (3)2.656 (5)156 (5)
O2W—H2WA···O3Aiv0.85 (3)1.88 (3)2.716 (4)172 (3)
O2W—H2WB···O6B0.85 (3)2.10 (3)2.883 (4)153 (4)
O3W—H3WA···O1W0.85 (4)2.02 (4)2.687 (5)136 (3)
O3W—H3WB···O6B0.85 (3)2.04 (3)2.885 (4)177 (5)
C1B—H1B···O2B0.932.453.360 (5)165
C4B—H4B···O4Av0.932.533.409 (5)158
C9B—H9B···O7Avi0.932.403.280 (5)157
C15B—H15B···O1W0.932.573.430 (7)154
C7A—H7A···O3Wvii0.932.543.469 (5)173
C8A—H8A···O6Bviii0.932.483.407 (5)177
C9A—H9A···O5W0.932.403.319 (7)169
C12A—H12A···O5W0.932.573.478 (8)164
C14A—H14A···O3Bix0.932.513.355 (5)151
Symmetry codes: (iii) x1, y, z; (iv) x+2, y, z+2; (v) x+2, y, z+1; (vi) x, y1, z; (vii) x+1, y+1, z+2; (viii) x, y+1, z; (ix) x+1, y, z.

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formula[Cu(H2P2O7)(C15H11N3)]2·4.5H2O
Mr1026.60
Crystal system, space groupTriclinic, P1
Temperature (K)295
a, b, c (Å)11.2894 (17), 13.539 (2), 13.606 (2)
α, β, γ (°)73.915 (13), 78.438 (14), 74.410 (12)
V3)1906.8 (5)
Z2
Radiation typeMo Kα
µ (mm1)1.37
Crystal size (mm)0.32 × 0.30 × 0.26
Data collection
DiffractometerRigaku AFC6
diffractometer
Absorption correctionψ scan
North et al., 1968.
Tmin, Tmax0.61, 0.70
No. of measured, independent and
observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections
8505, 7493, 5449
Rint0.024
(sin θ/λ)max1)0.617
Refinement
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S 0.035, 0.101, 1.03
No. of reflections7493
No. of parameters581
No. of restraints18
H-atom treatmentH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å3)0.52, 0.58

Computer programs: MSC/AFC Diffractometer Control Software (Molecular Structure Corporation, 1988), MSC/AFC Diffractometer Control Software (Molecular Structure Corporation, 1988), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXTL and PLATON (Spek, 2009).

Selected interatomic distances (Å) top
Cu1—O1A1.918 (2)Cu2—O1B1.927 (2)
Cu1—N2A1.932 (3)Cu2—N2B1.940 (3)
Cu1—N1A2.039 (3)Cu2—N1B2.032 (3)
Cu1—N3A2.046 (3)Cu2—N3B2.043 (3)
Cu1—O7A2.206 (2)Cu2—O7B2.298 (2)
Cu1···Cu1i3.7720 (8)Cu2···O1Bii2.910 (2)
Cu2···Cu2ii3.6977 (8)
Symmetry codes: (i) x+2, y+1, z+2; (ii) x+1, y, z+1.
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
O5A—H5A···O6B0.85 (2)1.83 (2)2.672 (3)174 (4)
O5B—H5B···O6A0.85 (2)1.75 (2)2.601 (3)175 (2)
O2A—H2A···O2W0.84 (3)1.76 (3)2.591 (4)171 (3)
O2B—H2B···O4W0.85 (2)1.86 (2)2.716 (4)175 (3)
O1W—H1WA···O3Aiii0.84 (3)1.88 (3)2.709 (5)167 (4)
O1W—H1WB···O3B0.84 (3)1.87 (3)2.656 (5)156 (5)
O2W—H2WA···O3Aiv0.85 (3)1.88 (3)2.716 (4)172 (3)
O2W—H2WB···O6B0.85 (3)2.10 (3)2.883 (4)153 (4)
O3W—H3WA···O1W0.85 (4)2.02 (4)2.687 (5)136 (3)
O3W—H3WB···O6B0.85 (3)2.04 (3)2.885 (4)177 (5)
C1B—H1B···O2B0.932.453.360 (5)165
C4B—H4B···O4Av0.932.533.409 (5)158
C9B—H9B···O7Avi0.932.403.280 (5)157
C15B—H15B···O1W0.932.573.430 (7)154
C7A—H7A···O3Wvii0.932.543.469 (5)173
C8A—H8A···O6Bviii0.932.483.407 (5)177
C9A—H9A···O5W0.932.403.319 (7)169
C12A—H12A···O5W0.932.573.478 (8)164
C14A—H14A···O3Bix0.932.513.355 (5)151
Symmetry codes: (iii) x1, y, z; (iv) x+2, y, z+2; (v) x+2, y, z+1; (vi) x, y1, z; (vii) x+1, y+1, z+2; (viii) x, y+1, z; (ix) x+1, y, z.
π···π interactions (Å, °) for (I) top
Group 1/Group 2ccd(Å)ipd(Å)sa(°)
Cg1/Cg3i3.629 (2)3.39 (2)20.7(1.0)
Cg2/Cg6vi3.674 (2)3.34 (1)24.4 (3)
Cg3/Cg5vi4.159 (2)3.42 (4)34.7(1.0)
Symmetry codes: (i) 2 - x, 1 - y, 2 - z; (vi) x, -1 + y, z. Centroids, as defined in Fig. 1. ccd: center-to-center distance (Distance between ring centroids); ipd: mean interplanar distance (mean distance from one plane to the neighbouring centroid); sa: mean slippage angle (mean angle subtended by the intercentroid vector to the plane normal). For details, see Janiak (2000).
 

Follow Acta Cryst. C
Sign up for e-alerts
Follow Acta Cryst. on Twitter
Follow us on facebook
Sign up for RSS feeds