Structure Solution of Azurin II from Alcaligenes xylosoxidans using the Laue Method: Possibility of Studying In Situ Redox Changes using X-rays

We have recently demonstrated that X-rays can be used for changing the redox states of the metal centre in metalloproteins [Murphy et al. (1995). J. Synchrotron Rad. 2, 64–69]. The possibility of using the Laue method for studying the structural changes associated with such X-ray-induced reactions is explored by applying the method to the structure determination of a new azurin (hereafter referred to as azurin II) from the denitrifying bacterium Alcaligenes xylosoxidans. Laue X-ray diffraction data of azurin II were collected at station 9.7 of the SRS Daresbury. Three diffraction patterns were recorded on film packs at three different crystal orientations. The data were processed using the Daresbury Laue Software Suite to give 2224 independent single reflections (R_merge = 0.136) in the wavelength range 0.36–1.40 Å. The data completeness was 44% at 2.55 Å resolution. Phase determination for the data was undertaken using the molecular-replacement method; the top peak was chosen in both the rotation function and the subsequent translation function. This solution agreed well with the molecular-replacement solution achieved independently using monochromatic data. The electron-density map showed reasonably good agreement with the model and the copper site was readily recognizable as it had the highest density. To see if the electron-density map could be improved, `the doublets in the diffraction data were then deconvoluted. This added 26% data in the region ∞-2d_min resulting in an improvement in the data completeness to 50% and thus in improved continuity of the electron-density map. The quality of these maps is discussed from the point of view of the suitability of this approach for studying redox-induced structural changes.