Extended structures of polyiodide salts of transition metal macrocyclic complexes

The structures of five polyiodide salts, [Co([9]aneS₃)₂]I₁₁ (1), [Ni([9]aneS₃)₂]I₆ (2), [Ni([9]aneS₃)₂]I₁₀ (3), [Pd([12]aneS₄)]I₆ (4) and [Pd([14]aneS₄)]I₁₀·MeCN (5), containing the template cations [Co([9]aneS₃)₂]³⁺, [Ni([9]aneS₃)₂]²⁺, [Pd([12]aneS₄)]²⁺ and [Pd([14]aneS₄)]²⁺ ([9]aneS₃ = 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane, [12]aneS₄ = 1,4,7,10-tetrathiacyclododecane, [14]aneS₄ = 1,4,8,11-tetrathiacyclotetradecane) exhibit a range of polyiodide and polyanionic framework structures. In (1) the charge on the Co^III cation is balanced by three I anions, which along with a neutral di-iodine molecule form I rings in an extended structure comprising undulating chains of alternating I rings and complex cations. In (2) the complex cation is linked to two tri-iodide anions by S⋯I interactions into well separated sheets of cations and anions, while in (3), I anions are linked by I⋯I interactions into helices which are cross-linked by S⋯I contacts to form sheets. Rather longer I⋯I contacts in (4) assemble I ions into 2 × 2 rods, which are linked into a three-dimensional network by S⋯I contacts. In (5) the N atom of the acetonitrile solvent molecule forms an array of four weak C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds to the macrocycle. The extended structure comprises corrugated zigzag chains of polyiodide rings formed by linked I units; the complex cations are attached to the polyiodide network by S⋯I contacts, which link the chains to form layers.

1. Introduction

It is well known that I₂ is the dihalogen with the highest ability to catenate into oligomeric polyanions, which can assume a wide range of structural motifs (Svenson & Kloo, 2003; Aragoni et al., 2003). Most of the known polyiodides have the general formula (I_2m+n)^n–, which formally implies the addition of m I₂ molecules to n iodide ions. Examples of small polyiodides belonging to this family, such as I, I₄^2- and I, are numerous in the literature, but the occurrence of discrete I₂-rich higher polyiodides becomes steadily rarer as m and n increase (Svenson & Kloo, 2003; Blake, Devillanova, Gould et al., 1998). All known higher polyiodides from I₇^- to I₂₂^4- can be considered to be derived from the donor–acceptor interaction of asymmetric I and/or I⁻ with I₂ molecules that are slightly elongated [I—I ≃ 2.75–2.80 Å, (I)I—I₂ ≃ 3.2–3.6 Å] and can therefore be regarded as weak or medium–weak adducts of the type [(I⁻)_n − y·(I)_y·(I₂)_m − y]. Some of these polyiodides are present in the crystal lattice as discrete aggregates, but they frequently form polymeric chains or extended two- or three-dimensional networks in the polyanionic matrix via cross-linking, soft–soft I⋯I secondary interactions: these generally range in length from 3.6 Å up to the van der Waals sum for two iodine atoms (4.3 Å; Kirin, 1987). The identification of the basic polyiodide unit can become arbitrary (Svenson & Kloo, 2003; Blake, Devillanova, Gould et al., 1998). However, an I—I distance of ca 3.6 Å is commonly considered to be the borderline for the identification of the basic polyiodide unit in extended multi-dimensional polyanionic networks (Svenson & Kloo, 2003; Aragoni et al., 2003): values lower than 3.6 Å therefore identify the polyiodide unit, while values higher than this limit should be considered to be contacts between polyiodide units. Following this criterion, we have recently described several unusual multi-dimensional polyiodide arrays, obtained with a variety of metal complex cations (Horn, Blake, Champness, Garau et al., 2003; Horn, Blake, Champness, Lippolis & Schröder, 2003; Aragoni et al., 2004), and in particular with metal thioether macrocyclic complexes (Blake et al., 1995; Blake, Devillanova, Gould et al., 1998; Blake, Li, Lippolis, Parsons & Schröder, 1998; Blake, Li, Lippolis, Parsons, Radek & Schröder, 1998) and free ligands (Blake, Devillanova, Garau et al., 1998) as templating agents. Metal complexes of such ligands were chosen as templates in order to achieve control over the architecture of the resultant polyiodide arrays because the shape, size and charge of the complex cations can be readily tuned by altering the metal ion or the macrocyclic ligand. Indeed, these features of the counter-cation are considered to play an important role in determining the solid-state organization of the associated polyiodide anion. Furthermore, other structural factors such as S⋯I and M⁺·X⁻·I₂ (X = halogen) interactions involving the templating metal complex may also play a crucial role in achieving control over the architecture of the resulting polyiodide network (Svenson & Kloo, 2003; Blake, Devillanova, Garau et al., 1998; Blake, Devillanova, Gould et al., 1998; Blake, Gould, Li et al., 1998; Blake, Li, Lippolis et al., 1998; Blake, Li, Lippolis, Parsons & Schröder, 1998; Blake, Lippolis, Parsons & Schröder, 1998).

Polyiodide catenation has been shown to produce networks of varying topology by employing as templates a range of complex metal thioether cations differing in charge, shape and size. We have been able to draw some provisional conclusions:

• (i) BF₄^- or PF₆^- metal salts in combination with excess di-iodine generally result in the self-assembly of polyiodide species, while metathesis reactions using preformed I or I ions generally yield isolated polyiodide units, typically tri-iodides;

• (ii) the shape and charge of the cation direct the transfer of geometrical properties to the polyiodide network;

• (iii) long S⋯I and M⋯I contacts favour lower dimensionality in polyiodide networks, the geometry of which differ from those predicted solely from the shape of the complex cation template;

• (iv) the formation of higher-dimensional polyiodide networks is often impeded by the presence of S⋯I and M⋯I contacts common in the products of metathesis.

One of our key objectives in this work was to determine whether these provisional conclusions are more generally valid. We have pursued this by using the complex cations [Co([9]aneS₃)₂]³⁺, [Ni([9]aneS₃)₂]²⁺, [Pd([12]aneS₄)]²⁺ and [Pd([14]aneS₄)]²⁺ as cationic templating agents for the self-assembly of polyiodide anions. The synthesis, structural features and FT-Raman spectroscopy of compounds corresponding to the formulations [Co([9]aneS₃)₂]I₁₁ (1), [Ni([9]aneS₃)₂]I₆ (2), [Ni([9]aneS₃)₂]I₁₀ (3), [Pd([12]aneS₄)]I₆ (4) and [Pd([14]aneS₄)]I₁₀·MeCN (5) are described in this paper.

2. Experimental

2.1. General procedures

All reagents and solvents were purchased from Aldrich and used without further purification. [Co([9]aneS₃)₂](PF₆)₂, [Ni([9]aneS₃)₂](BF₄)₂, [Ni([9]aneS₃)₂](PF₆)₂ (Setzer et al., 1983), [Pd([12]aneS₄)](PF₆)₂ and [Pd([14]aneS₄)](PF₆)₂ (Bell et al., 1987) were prepared according to literature methods.

FT-Raman spectra (resolution 4 cm⁻¹) were recorded at room temperature on a Bruker RFS 100 FTR spectrometer fitted with an In–Ga–As detector and operating with an excitation frequency of 1064 nm. Power levels of the Nd:YAG laser source varied between 20 and 100 mW. The solid samples were packed into a suitable cell and fitted into the compartment designed for 180° scattering geometry. The number in parentheses following each wavenumber value represents the intensity of the peak relative to the strongest (= 100).

2.2. Synthesis of [Co([9]aneS₃)₂]I₁₁ (1)

A mixture of [Co([9]aneS₃)₂](PF₆)₂ (15.0 mg, 0.0210 mmol) and I₂ (29.4.0 mg, 0.116 mmol) in MeCN (5 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and subsequently allowed to stand. After a few days, dark blocks of the compound were formed (24.8 mg, 65% yield). Elemental analysis: found (calc. for C₁₂H₂₄CoI₁₁S₆) C 7.90 (7.94), H 1.31 (1.33), S 10.60 (10.59)%. FT-Raman (500–10 cm⁻¹): 168.2 (100), 149.9 (68), 109.5 (61) cm⁻¹.

2.3. Synthesis of [Ni([9]aneS₃)₂]I₆ (2)

To a solution of [Ni([9]aneS₃)₂](BF₄)₂ (20.0 mg, 0.0334 mmol) in MeCN (4 ml) was added a solution of ⁿBu₄NI₃ [prepared by mixing a solution of ⁿBu₄NI (24.7 mg, 0.0668 mmol) in MeCN (2 ml) and a solution of I₂ (17.0 mg, 0.0668 mmol) in MeCN (2 ml)]. The mixture obtained was allowed to stand and after several hours deep red blocks of the title compound appeared (25.71 mg, 65.2% yield). Elemental analysis: found (calc. for C₁₂H₂₄I₆NiS₆) C 12.15 (12.20), H 2.10 (2.05), S 16.32 (16.29)%. FT-Raman (500−10 cm⁻¹): 129 (26), 113 (100) cm⁻¹.

2.4. Synthesis of [Ni([9]aneS₃)₂]I₁₀ (3)

A mixture of [Ni([9]aneS₃)₂](PF₆)₂ (15.0 mg, 0.0211 mmol) and I₂ (26.8 mg, 0.1055 mmol) in MeCN (5 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and subsequently allowed to stand. After a few days, dark blocks of the title compound were formed (21.4 mg, 60% yield). Elemental analysis: found (calc. for C₁₂H₂₄I₁₀NiS₆) C 8.50 (8.54), H 1.41 (1.43), S 11.40 (11.39)%. FT-Raman (500−10 cm⁻¹): 164.2 (100), 145.4 (93) cm⁻¹.

2.5. Synthesis of [Pd([12]aneS₄)]I₆ (4)

To a solution of [Pd([12]aneS₄)](PF₆)₂ (25.0 mg, 0.039 mmol) in MeCN (3 ml) was added a solution of ⁿBu₄NI₃ [prepared by mixing a solution of ⁿBu₄NI (28.8 mg, 0.078 mmol) in MeCN (2 ml) and a solution of I₂ (19.8 mg, 0.078 mmol) in MeCN (2 ml)]. The mixture obtained was allowed to stand and after several hours deep red columns of the title compound (12.97 mg, 30% yield) were formed. The crystals were separated from the mother liquor by filtration, and further crystals of the same compound could be obtained from the solution on standing. Elemental analysis: found (calc. for C₈H₁₆I₆PdS₄) C 8.63 (8.67), H 1.43 (1.45), S 11.55 (11.57)%. FT-Raman (500−10 cm⁻¹): 125 (30), 110 (100) cm⁻¹.

2.6. Synthesis of [Pd([14]aneS₄)]I₁₀·MeCN (5)

A mixture of [Pd([14]aneS₄)](PF₆)₂ (20.0 mg, 0.030 mmol) and I₂ (38.1 mg, 0.15 mmol) in MeCN (5 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then allowed to stand. After a few days, dark blocks of the title compound were formed (25.3 mg, 50% yield). Elemental analysis: found (calc. for C₁₂H₂₃I₁₀NPdS₄) C 8.53 (8.55), H 1.33 (1.38), N 0.89 (0.83), S 7.58 (7.61)%. FT-Raman (500−10 cm⁻¹): 168.9 (89), 163.2 (100), 154.5 (75), 115.7 (61) cm⁻¹.

2.7. Crystal structure determinations

Experimental data are given in Table 1.¹ Diffraction data for (1)–(5) were collected on Stoe Stadi-4 four-circle diffractometers equipped with Oxford Cryosystems open-flow nitrogen cryostats operating at 150 (2) K (Cosier & Glazer, 1986) as ω–θ scans using a learnt-profile method (Clegg, 1981). Corrections for absorption were applied either by an integration method based on face-indexing (Stoe & Cie, 1996b) or by ψ scans (North et al., 1968). The structures were solved by direct methods (Sheldrick, 1990; Altomare et al., 1994) and developed by iterative cycles of least-squares refinement and difference-Fourier synthesis (Sheldrick, 1998). H atoms were placed geometrically and treated in refinement as part of a riding model, with the exception of the solvent methyl H atoms in (5), which were located from a circular difference-Fourier synthesis and refined as part of a rigid rotating group. The structure analyses were routine except in the case of (4), where the structure exhibits co-facial disorder of the entire [Pd([12]aneS₄)]²⁺ cation: the macrocyclic ring components occupy a common plane from which the metal sites are displaced in opposite directions. The disorder was modelled as a major [0.824 (3)] and a minor [0.176 (3)] component. The atoms of the major component were refined with anisotropic displacement parameters, while the C atoms of the minor component were refined with a common U_iso of 0.028 (9) Ų. A distance restraint of 1.54 (1) Å was applied to all C—C distances in the structure and similarity restraints were applied between the two disorder components. Illustrations were produced using SHELXTL (Bruker, 2001) and MERCURY (Macrae et al., 2006).

Table 1
Experimental details

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Crystal data
Chemical formula	Co(C6H12S3)2^3+·3I·I2	C12H24NiS6^2+·2I	C12H24NiS6^2+·2I	C8H16PdS4^2+·2I	C10H20PdS4^2+·2I·C2H3N
Mr	1815.56	1180.82	1688.38	1108.25	1685.01
Cell setting, space group	Monoclinic, C2/c	Monoclinic, P21/c	Orthorhombic, Pbca	Monoclinic, C2/c	Triclinic, P
Temperature (K)	150 (2)	150 (2)	150 (2)	150 (2)	150 (2)
a, b, c (Å)	15.156 (2), 17.772 (4), 13.106 (6)	9.4450 (18), 9.042 (2), 16.449 (3)	12.317 (3), 15.602 (6), 18.302 (7)	18.062 (8), 23.602 (14), 11.166 (5)	9.336 (4), 11.504 (4), 16.431 (3)
α, β, γ (°)	90.00, 96.67 (2), 90.00	90.00, 97.83 (3), 90.00	90.00, 90.00, 90.00	90.00, 109.81 (6), 90.00	85.49 (3), 81.20 (3), 86.93 (3)
V (Å^3)	3506.2 (18)	1391.7 (5)	3517 (2)	4478 (4)	1737.0 (10)
Z	4	2	4	8	2
Dx (Mg m^−3)	3.439	2.818	3.189	3.287	3.222
Radiation type	Mo Kα	Mo Kα	Mo Kα	Mo Kα	Mo Kα
μ (mm^−1)	10.54	7.80	9.69	9.46	9.67
Crystal form, colour	Block, black	Block, deep red	Block, dark red	Column, deep red	Block, black
Crystal size (mm)	0.38 × 0.27 × 0.25	0.42 × 0.39 × 0.39	0.24 × 0.23 × 0.17	0.54 × 0.16 × 0.16	0.35 × 0.18 × 0.16
Data collection
Diffractometer	Stoe Stadi-4 four-circle	Stoe Stadi-4 four-circle	Stoe Stadi-4 four-circle	Stoe Stadi-4 four-circle	Stoe Stadi-4 four-circle
Data collection method	ω–θ, profile learning	ω–θ, profile learning	ω–θ, profile learning	ω–θ, profile learning	ω–θ, profile learning
Absorption correction	Integration	ψ scan	Integration	ψ scan	Integration
Tmin	0.476	0.020	0.145	0.293	0.134
Tmax	0.530	0.048	0.236	0.364	0.213
No. of measured, independent and observed reflections	4855, 3075, 2826	2173, 1801, 1688	3483, 3086, 2730	4211, 2926, 2466	6104, 6084, 5548
Criterion for observed reflections	I > 2σ(I)	I > 2σ(I)	I > 2σ(I)	I > 2σ(I)	I > 2σ(I)
Rint	0.059	0.013	0.042	0.012	0.015
θmax (°)	25.0	22.5	25.0	22.5	25.1
No. and frequency of standard reflections	3 every 60 min	3 every 60 min	3 every 60 min	3 every 60 min	3 every 60 min
Intensity decay (%)	Random variation ±4.5	0	Random variation ±3.4	0	0
Refinement
Refinement on	F^2	F^2	F^2	F^2	F^2
R[F^2 > 2σ(F^2)], wR(F^2), S	0.038, 0.108, 1.13	0.033, 0.088, 1.17	0.038, 0.100, 1.31	0.040, 0.093, 1.23	0.036, 0.083, 1.29
No. of reflections	3075	1801	3086	2926	6084
No. of parameters	139	116	134	247	254
H-atom treatment	Constrained to parent site	Constrained to parent site	Constrained to parent site	Constrained to parent site	Rigid rotating group; riding model
Weighting scheme	w = 1/[σ^2(Fo^2) + (0.05P)^2 + 91P], where P = (Fo^2 + 2Fc^2)/3	w = 1/[σ^2(Fo^2) + (0.047P)^2 + 5.88P], where P = (Fo^2 + 2Fc^2)/3	w = 1/[σ^2(Fo^2) + (0.04P)^2 + 25.87P], where P = (Fo^2 + 2Fc^2)/3	w = 1/[σ^2(Fo^2) + (0.027P)^2 + 159.6P], where P = (Fo^2 + 2Fc^2)/3	w = 1/[σ^2(Fo^2) + 40.7P], where P = (Fo^2 + 2Fc^2)/3
(Δ/σ)max	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.002
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å^−3)	1.28, −2.21	0.87, −1.28	1.60, −1.02	0.99, −0.73	0.99, −0.98
Extinction method	SHELXL	SHELXL	SHELXL	SHELXL	None
Extinction coefficient	0.00016 (3)	0.0029 (2)	0.00023 (3)	0.000035 (7)	–
Computer programs used: STADI4 (Stoe & Cie, 1996a), X-RED (Stoe & Cie, 1996b), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1990), SIR92 (Altomare et al., 1994), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1998), MERCURY (Macrae et al., 2006), enCIFer (Allen et al., 2004), PLATON (Spek, 2003).

3. Discussion

3.1. Synthetic considerations

Different synthetic procedures for the preparation of polyiodides have been reported in the literature, the most common route involving the addition of different amounts of I₂ to an iodide or tri-iodide salt of the appropriate cation in a single phase (Tebbe & Buchem, 1997). Alternatively, a metathesis reaction can be employed, especially for the synthesis of small polyiodides, in which preformed I or I is reacted with a salt of the desired cation: in this case it is rare for a polyiodide species different from that used as the starting material to occur in the final product (Blake, Gould et al., 1999). In our attempts to synthesize extended polyiodide networks, we have mainly reacted the PF₆^- or BF₄^- salt of the metal complex cation with excess I₂ in a single phase, generally in MeCN solution. In this way the driving force of the process is the template effect of the metal complex with the preferred polyiodide species being formed by self-assembly. In this last synthetic method, the identity of the species responsible for the reduction of di-iodine and the kinetic mechanism leading to the formation of polyiodides has not been established. For the compounds reported herein, we have used both metathesis reactions and reactions of excess I₂ with PF₆^- or BF₄^- salts of the complex cation. Interestingly, in the synthesis of [Co([9]aneS₃)₂]³⁺·3I₃^–·I₂ (1) starting from [Co([9]aneS₃)₂](PF₆)₂ and excess I₂ we observed the oxidation of the metal centre from Co^II to Co^III. This represents the first example of the self-assembly of a polyiodide species at a thioether–macrocycle metal complex template concomitant with oxidation of the metal centre.

3.2. Molecular geometry

Molecular geometry parameters for (1)−(5) are listed in Table 2.

Table 2
Selected molecular geometry parameters (Å, °) for (1)–(5)

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Co—S1 2.242 (2)	Ni—S1 2.4020 (17)	Ni—S1 2.395 (2)	Pd1—S1 2.299 (4)	Pd—S1 2.317 (3)
Co—S4 2.252 (2)	Ni—S4 2.3978 (17)	Ni—S4 2.395 (2)	Pd1—S4 2.316 (4)	Pd—S4 2.293 (3)
Co—S7 2.259 (2)	Ni—S7 2.3799 (16)	Ni—S7 2.365 (2)	Pd1—S7 2.306 (4)	Pd—S8 2.294 (3)
S1—Co—S4 90.71 (8)	S1—Ni—S4 88.56 (6)	S1—Ni—S4 88.76 (8)	Pd1—S10 2.304 (4)	Pd—S11 2.314 (3)
S1—Co—S7 90.87 (8)	S1—Ni—S7 89.06 (6)	S1—Ni—S7 89.27 (8)	Pd1—I1 3.194 (2)	S1—Pd—S4 88.88 (10)
S4—Co—S7 90.29 (7)	S4—Ni—S7 88.83 (6)	S4—Ni—S7 88.91 (8)	S1—Pd1—S4 88.24 (14)	S1—Pd—S8 176.10 (10)
			S1—Pd1—S7 160.91 (14)	S1—Pd—S11 87.67 (10)
			S1—Pd1—S10 87.90 (14)	S4—Pd—S8 94.63 (10)
			S4—Pd1—S7 88.56 (14)	S4—Pd—S11 175.84 (10)
			S4—Pd1—S10 158.80 (15)	S8—Pd—S11 88.76 (10)
			S7—Pd1—S10 88.30 (15)
I1—I2 2.9419 (14)	I1—I2 2.8959 (10)	I1—I2 2.8149 (13)	I1—I2 2.884 (3)	I1—I2 2.7878 (16)
I3—I4 3.0593 (11)	I1—I3 2.9433 (10)	I2—I3 3.0641 (14)	I2—I3 2.986 (3)	I2—I3 3.1617 (17)
I4—I5 2.8225 (10)	I2—I1—I3 178.25 (2)	I3—I4 3.1393 (12)	I4—I5 2.930 (3)	I3—I4 3.1369 (16)
I6—I6^i 2.7577 (16)		I4—I5 2.7800 (12)	I5—I6 2.916 (3)	I4—I5 2.7823 (16)
I3—I6 3.384 (2)		I1—I2—I3 178.97 (3)	I7—I8 2.910 (3)	I6—I7 2.8258 (16)
I1—I2—I1^ii 179.21 (4)		I2—I3—I4 92.51 (3)	I8—I9 2.933 (3)	I7—I8 3.0718 (17)
I3—I4—I5 175.75 (3)		I3—I4—I5 175.97 (3)	I1—I2—I3 177.72 (4)	I8—I9^iii 3.2340 (17)
			I4—I5—I6 180	I9^iii—I10^iii 2.7650 (16)
			I7—I8—I9 180	I1—I2—I3 178.76 (4)
				I2—I3—I4 78.50 (4)
				I3—I4—I5 179.01 (5)
				I6—I7—I8 178.22 (5)
				I7—I8—I9^iii 90.60 (5)
				I8—I9^iii—I10^iii 176.61 (5)
Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) 1-x, 1-y, 1-z.

3.2.1. [Co(C₆H₁₂S₃)₂]³⁺·3I·I₂ (1)

In the structure of [Co(C₆H₁₂S₃)₂]³⁺·3I·I₂ [(1); see Fig. 1] the [Co([9]aneS₃)₂]³⁺ cation lies on a crystallographic inversion centre, one of the tri-iodide anions lies across a twofold axis while the other lies in a general position, and the iodine molecule lies across another twofold axis. The three independent Co—S distances of 2.242 (2), 2.252 (2) and 2.259 (2) Å are very similar and the S—Co—S angles lie close to 90°, conferring an octahedral coordination on the Co^III centre which is similar to that seen in [Co(C₆H₁₂S₃)₂](ClO₄)₃ (Küppers et al., 1986). The tri-iodide anion across the twofold axis exhibits two I1—I2 distances of 2.9419 (14) Å and a near-linear I—I—I angle of 179.21 (4)°, while the second anion shows inequivalent I—I distances of 2.8225 (10) Å for I4—I5 and 3.0593 (11) Å for I3—I4, with an I—I—I angle of 175.75 (3)°. The variation in these distances is related to the different contacts formed by iodine centres (see §3.3.1 below). Likewise, the iodine molecule shows an I—I distance of 2.7577 (16) Å, somewhat longer than the value of 2.715 (6) Å in crystalline di-iodine at 110 K (van Bolhuis et al., 1967).

Figure 1 A view of the structure of (1) with atom-numbering scheme and ellipsoids drawn at the 50% probability level. The second macrocycle is generated from the labelled one by the symmetry operation (½ − x, ½ − y, 1 − z). Symmetry codes: # −x, y,  − z; * 1 − x, y,  − z.

3.2.2. [Ni(C₆H₁₂S₃)₂]²⁺·2I₃^– (2)

The octahedral [Ni([9]aneS₃)₂]²⁺ cation in [Ni(C₆H₁₂S₃)₂]²⁺·2I₃⁻ [(2), see Fig. 2] occupies a crystallographic inversion centre, with the atoms of the tri-iodide anion in general positions. The three independent Ni—S distances are similar at 2.4020 (17), 2.3978 (17) and 2.3799 (16) Å, and the S—Ni—S angles [88.56 (6), 89.06 (6) and 88.83 (6)°] are approximately 90°. These geometric features closely match previously reported values in structures containing the [Ni([9]aneS₃)₂]²⁺ cation with a range of anions (Setzer et al., 1983; Blake et al., 2001; Nishijo et al., 2004), where the Ni—S distances range between 2.371 (1) and 2.408 (2) Å. The I—I distances [I1—I2 2.8959 (10), I1—I3 2.9433 (10) Å] are inequivalent due to the involvement of I3 in an intermolecular S⋯I interaction, and the I—I—I angle is 178.25 (2)°. Although its cobalt(II) analogue (Blake, Lippolis et al., 1998) exhibits a much wider range of M—S bond lengths [2.2742 (10), 2.2959 (11) and 2.4088 (11)Å], the two structures are isomorphous.

Figure 2 A view of the structure of (2) with atom-numbering scheme and ellipsoids drawn at the 50% probability level. The second macrocycle is generated from the labelled one by the symmetry operation (2 − x, −y, 2 − z).

3.2.3. [Ni(C₆H₁₂S₃)₂]²⁺·2I (3)

This structure also contains an octahedral [Ni([9]aneS₃)₂]²⁺ cation located on a crystallographic inversion centre, with the atoms of the I anion in general positions (Fig. 3). The Ni—S distances [2.365 (2), 2.395 (2) and 2.395 (2) Å] again lie in the expected range, as do the S—Ni—S angles [88.76 (8), 88.91 (8) and 89.27 (8)°]. The anion exhibits the pattern of alternating longer and shorter I—I distances, one angle of around 90° and two of around 180°, which are typical of a distorted V-shaped I fragment that can be described as a weak adduct of the type [I⁻·(I₂)₂] between an iodide ion and two di-iodine molecules (Svenson & Kloo, 2003; Blake, Devillanova, Gould et al., 1998; Blake, Gould et al., 1999).

Figure 3 A view of the structure of (3) with atom-numbering scheme and ellipsoids drawn at the 50% probability level. The second macrocycle is generated from the labelled one by the symmetry operation (1 − x, 1 − y, 1 − z).

3.2.4. [Pd(C₈H₁₆S₄)]²⁺·2I (4)

This structure exhibits co-facial disorder with a major [0.824 (3)] and a minor [0.176 (3)] component. The most likely reason for this disorder is the apparently rather poor fit between the cation and the polyiodide network. The following discussion refers to the major component only. The [Pd([12]aneS₄)]²⁺ macrocyclic cation and the attached tri-iodide occupy general positions with the remaining tri-iodides lying along crystallographic twofold axes. The Pd^II centre occupies a distorted square-planar coordination environment with Pd—S distances of 2.299 (4)–2.316 (4) Å and cis-S—Pd—S angles of 87.90 (14)–88.56 (14)° (Fig. 4). The cavity of the macrocycle is too small to accommodate the Pd^II or Pt^II cation (Blake et al., 1994) and the metal cation sits out of the plane of the four S donors by 0.403 (2) Å in the direction of a weakly coordinating axial tri-iodide [Pd1–I1 3.194 (2) Å]. The macrocycle adopts a [3333] square conformation with the S atoms placed along the edges, as expected for endo coordination by this ligand (Blake & Schröder, 1990). The coordinated tri-iodide anion shows some asymmetry in its geometry [I1—I2 2.884 (3), I2—I3 2.986 (3) Å, I1—I2—I3 177.72 (4)°], in contrast to the other anions which are linear by symmetry and where the distances are very similar [mean 2.920 (4) Å].

Figure 4 A view of the structure of (4) with atom-numbering scheme and ellipsoids drawn at the 50% probability level. Only the major disorder component is shown. The uncoordinated tri-iodides lie along crystallographic twofold axes.

3.2.5. [Pd[C₁₀H₂₀PdS₄)]²⁺·2I·C₂H₃N (5)

Within the [Pd([14]aneS₄)]²⁺ macrocyclic cation, the Pd^II centre occupies a distorted square-planar environment, with Pd—S distances of 2.293 (3)–2.317 (3) Å and cis-S–Pd–S angles of 87.67 (10)–94.63 (10)° (Fig. 5). Although it is larger than in [12]aneS₄, the cavity of the [14]aneS₄ macrocycle still cannot fully accommodate the Pd^II cation which lies slightly [0.040 (2) Å] out of the plane of the four S donors. The N atom of the acetonitrile solvent molecule lies 3.395 (11) Å from the metal and approaches its less open face, suggesting that there is no significant Pd⋯N interaction. However, the nitrogen is well placed to form four weak hydrogen bonds (N⋯H 2.53–2.62 Å; C—H⋯N 142–151°; see Table 3) with a H atom in one of the two methylene groups adjacent to each sulfur in the propyl linkages: given that these are likely to be the H atoms most activated to accept weak hydrogen bonds, we believe that these interactions are significant. The two I anions have generally similar geometries but differ in detail, with I1–I5 being more symmetrical and displaying a much more acute central I—I—I angle [78.50 (4)°] than I6—I10 [90.60 (4)°]. These differences may be due in part to the different environments of the two anions: for example, I1—I5 forms significant intermolecular contacts only through its terminal atoms, while I6—I10 also interacts through other I atoms (see §3.3.5). However, the I—I distances indicate that [I⁻·2I₂] is the best description for both I anions, one (I1—I5) being V-shaped and the other (I6—I10) being L-shaped.

Table 3
Intermolecular I⋯I, S⋯I and CH⋯N contacts (Å, °) for (1)–(5)

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
I1⋯I5^i 3.905 (2)	S7⋯I3^ii 3.769 (2)	I5⋯I1^vi 3.799 (2)	I1⋯I6^viii 4.036 (3)	I6⋯I10^ix 3.543 (2)
S1⋯I1 3.709 (2)	S4⋯I2^iii 3.796 (2)	S4⋯I3^vii 3.771 (2)	I1⋯I8 4.112 (3)	I5⋯I6^ix 3.913 (2)
I3⋯I6 3.384 (2)	S1⋯I3^iv 3.983 (2)		I1⋯I9^ix 4.174 (3)	I1⋯I6^ix 4.179 (2)
	S7⋯I2^v 3.970 (2)		S10⋯I5 3.561 (3)	I1⋯I8^x 3.693 (2)
			S4⋯I9^ix 3.639 (3)	S1⋯I2^xi 3.771 (2)
				S4⋯I2^xii 3.775 (2)
				S8⋯I3^xiii 3.754 (2)
				S8⋯I4^xi 3.887 (2)
				C5H5A⋯N1S 2.62, ∠CHN 144
				C7H7B⋯N1S 2.62, ∠CHN 142
				C12H12A⋯N1S 2.53, ∠CHN 151
				C14H14B⋯N1S 2.60, ∠CHN 149
Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) 1+x, y, z; (iii) ; (iv) 1-x, -y, 2-z; (v) ; (vi) ; (vii) ; (viii) ; (ix) 1-x, -y, -z; (x) -1+x, 1+y, z; (xi) 1+x, y, z; (xii) -x, -y, -z; (xiii) -x, 1-y, -z.

Figure 5 A view of the structure of (5) with atom-numbering scheme and ellipsoids drawn at the 50% probability level. The view is towards the less exposed face of the cation and the broken lines indicate C—H⋯N interactions between the acetonitrile solvent molecule and the macrocycle. Symmetry code: # (1 − x, 1 − y, 1 − z).

3.3. Extended structures

Intermolecular geometry parameters for (1)–(5) are listed in Table 3.

3.3.1. [Co(C₆H₁₂S₃)₂]³⁺·3I·I₂ (1)

By considering I⋯I contacts of up to 4.0 Å, it is possible to construct twisted rings each containing 11 I atoms (Fig. 6). Each ring comprises three tri-iodide anions and one di-iodine molecule and in addition to the bonded distances described in §3.2.1 its assembly requires two I3⋯I6 contacts of 3.384 (2) Å and two I1⋯I5 (½ − x, − ½ + y,  − z) contacts of 3.905 (2) Å. It is possible to visualize cages around the cations by invoking longer I⋯I contacts of up to 4.15 Å between the 11-membered rings, but this construction is unconvincing and inelegant. In contrast, considering S1⋯I1 interactions of 3.709 (2) Å between the I1 atoms in these 11-membered polyhalide rings and the S1 atoms of the macrocyclic cation allows the extended structure to be visualized as undulating chains comprised of alternating I rings and complex cations running along the [101] direction (Fig. 6). Each cation is linked to two polyiodide rings, with all S1⋯I1 interactions being equivalent. Interestingly, very similarly shaped 14-membered polyhalide rings are formed at the [(16]aneS₄)M–I–M([16]aneS₄)]³⁺ cation template [M = Pd^II, Pt^II]. These comprise two L-shaped I and two I⁻ interacting units and their symmetry repeats (Blake, Lippolis et al., 1996). However, rather than being isolated, in this case the polyhalide rings are fused by sharing three iodide atoms, and each forms a belt around the binuclear metal cation with the I⁻ of the M–I–M bridge placed exactly at the centre.

Figure 6 The extended structure of (1) exhibits 11-membered iodine rings. S⋯I interactions between these rings and the S1 atoms of the macrocyclic cation lead to the formation of undulating chains comprised of alternating I rings and complex cations running along the [101] direction.

3.3.2. [Ni(C₆H₁₂S₃)₂]²⁺·2I (2)

There are no significant interactions of the type I⋯I between the tri-iodide anions, but there are two different S⋯I contacts. If only the slightly shorter of these [3.769 (2) Å] is considered, each [Ni([9]aneS₃)₂]²⁺ cation is linked to two tri-iodide anions by S7⋯I3 (1 + x, y, z) interactions and there is no extended structure. However, taking into account the slightly longer S4⋯I2(x, ½ − y, ½ + z) contact of 3.796 (2) Å reveals well separated sheets of cations and anions (Fig. 7), as seen previously in the isomorphous cobalt(II) salt [Co(C₆H₁₂S₃)₂]²⁺·2I (Blake, Lippolis et al., 1998). These two contacts are supplemented by longer S⋯I contacts of 3.983 (2) and 3.970 (2) Å: as in each case the latter involve the other macrocycle in the same cation, they do not affect the dimensionality of the structure. It is interesting to note that the I salts of metal complexes of thioether macrocyclic ligands synthesized so far (all by metathesis) generally show isolated I units (Blake, Gould et al., 1999; Blake, Gould et al., 1998). Extended structures are formed via S⋯I or M⋯I interactions with the complex metal cations. Exceptions are the compounds [Pd₂Cl₂([18]aneN₂S₄)](I₃)₂ (Blake, Li, Lippolis, Parsons & Schröder, 1998) and [Pd(cis-HO)₂[14]aneS₄)](I₃)₂ (Blake, Gould et al., 1999), in which poly-I chains and puckered layers, respectively, are formed via I⋯I interactions.

Figure 7 Three views of the well separated sheets of cations and anions linked by S⋯I interactions in (2), along the (a) a, (b) b and (c) c directions.

3.3.3. [Ni(C₆H₁₂S₃)₂]²⁺·2I (3)

In (3) the I anions are linked by I5⋯I1(½ + x,  − y, ½ − z) contacts of 3.799 (2) Å into helices with a pitch of 12.317 (3) Å running along the a axis, as shown in Fig. 8. The helices are cross-linked by S4⋯I3(½ + x, y,  − z) contacts of 3.771 (2) Å to give sheets of helices and cations which lie in the (021) plane. Each cation forms one S⋯I contact from each of its macrocyclic ligands to a neighbouring helix. The cations are clearly located outside the manifold of the helices. Helical or double helical arrays of polyiodide anions are quite rare, the only known examples being obtained by self-assembly at helical cation templates with the transfer of geometrical properties (helicity) from one crystal component to the other mediated by hydrogen-bonding interactions (Horn, Blake, Champness, Garau et al., 2003; Horn, Blake, Champness, Lippolis & Schröder, 2003). In this case, the [Ni([9]aneS₃)₂]²⁺ cation is able to direct a helical catenation of the I units via S⋯I interactions.

Figure 8 Three views of the extended structure of (3), along the (a) a, (b) b and (c) c directions. The view along a is parallel to the helical axis and shows the relationship of the helices and the cations; the view along b is a space-filling plot showing the helices running along the a direction and cross-linked by S⋯I interactions; the view along c provides an orthogonal aspect of the helices and cations.

3.3.4. [Pd(C₈H₁₆S₄)]²⁺·2I (4)

The disorder in the complex cation may be due to the poor size match between it and the voids in the polyiodide network formed by the disposition of the I units of each disorder component within the lattice. This situation raises questions as to the precise nature of the templating unit and the importance, in this respect, of the M⋯I and S⋯I interactions. The following discussion refers to the major component only. The structure contains no I⋯I contacts below 4.0 Å. At this level the I could be considered isolated in the lattice (as is normally found, see above), but longer contacts [I1⋯I6(½ − x, ½ − y, −z) 4.036 (3), I1⋯I8 4.112 (3), I1⋯I9(1 − x, −y, −z) 4.174 (3) Å] assemble I ions into 2 × 2 rods running along the c axis (Fig. 9, upper view). Respective S10⋯I5 and S4⋯I9(1 − x, −y, −z) contacts of 3.561 (3) and 3.639 (3) Å result in a three-dimensional network, as shown in the lower view in Fig. 9.

Figure 9 Two views of the extended structure of (4), both along the c axis. The upper view shows how long I⋯I contacts of 4.036 (3), 4.112 (3) and 4.174 (3) Å (shown as blue dotted lines) assemble ions into 2 × 2 rods running along the c axis. The lower view shows how the three-dimensional network is built up by S⋯I contacts (shown in cyan) between the rods.

3.3.5. [Pd[C₁₀H₂₀S₄)]²⁺·2I·C₂H₃N (5)

The main feature of this extended structure is the corrugated, zigzag chains of polyiodide rings formed by linked I units running along the b axis (Fig. 10, upper view). The polyiodide network is built up from I anions connected through I⋯I contacts of 3.543 (2), 3.913 (2) and 4.179 (2) Å for I6⋯I10(1 − x, −y, 1 − z), I5⋯I6(1 − x, −y, 1 − z) and I1⋯I6(1 − x, 1 − y, 1 − z), respectively, which form the polyiodide rings, while I1⋯I8(−1 + x, 1 + y, z) contacts of 3.693 (2) Å connect the rings to form chains. Metal complex units are attached to the polyiodide network by S⋯I contacts which then join the chains to form layers: thus, the polyiodide chains are linked not by I⋯I contacts, but by S⋯I interactions [S1⋯I2(1 + x, y, z) 3.771 (2), S4⋯I2 (−x, −y, −z) 3.775 (2), S8⋯I3 (−x, 1 − y, −z) 3.754 (2) Å]. The first of these is supplemented by a somewhat longer S8⋯I4 (1 + x, y, z) interaction of 3.887 (2) Å. An additional linkage occurs through solvent molecules hydrogen bonded to the complex cations. The methyl group of the acetonitrile is embedded in the polyiodide network: the individual C—H⋯I contact geometries (I⋯H 3.305–3.654 Å; C—H⋯I 114–133°) are not particularly convincing for hydrogen bonding and it is probably better to describe the situation as a positively charged methyl group lying within a polyanionic region. Overall, these interactions generate a three-dimensional network. Interestingly, the location of the solvent molecules in the middle of the ten-membered polyiodide rings formed by linked I units (Fig. 10, middle view) suggests that they have a role as a template for this polyanionic structure, as shown by a space-filling diagram (Fig. 11). In (5) the acetonitrile molecule linked to the [Pd([14]aneS₄)]²⁺ cation via C—H⋯N interactions seems to play the same template role with respect to the polyiodide network as does the binuclear [(16]aneS₄)M–I–M([16]aneS₄)]³⁺ cation in {[M([16]aneS₄)]₂I}I₁₁ (M = Pd^II, Pt^II; Blake, Lippolis et al., 1996). The final view in Fig. 10 is along the c axis and illustrates the I⋯I and S⋯I interactions and the corrugation of the polyiodide sheets of linked poly I rings.

Figure 10 The top view of (5) is a projection along the a axis illustrating the zigzag chains of iodine rings formed by linked I units running along the b axis and the S⋯I linkages which attach the cations to the polyiodide network, which assemble the chains into sheets. The middle view along the b axis shows the S⋯I interactions between the polyiodide sheets and the complex cation leading to a three-dimensional network, and C—H⋯N interactions between the complex cation and the solvent molecule. The bottom view along the c axis is an alternative illustration of the I⋯I and S⋯I interactions and the corrugation of the polyiodide layers.

Figure 11 A space-filling view of (5), illustrating the possible role of solvent molecules as a template for this polyanionic structure.

4. FT-Raman spectroscopy

The crystal structure determinations indicate that all the higher polyiodide species I_{2m + n}^{n -} may be regarded as weak or medium–weak adducts of the types [(I⁻)_n − y(I₃⁻)_y·(I₂)_m − y], where m is the number of di-iodine molecules and n is the number of I⁻ anions, which can be present as I. In the absence of a crystal structure determination, FT-Raman spectroscopy can differentiate between the first type of polyiodide [(I⁻)_n·(I₂)_m] (y = 0), and the other two [(I)_n·(I₂)_m − n] (n = y ≠ 0), [(I⁻)_n − y·(I₃^–)_y·(I₂)_m − y] (n > y ≠ 0), depending on the absence or presence in the spectrum of the characteristic peaks due to I anions. A single band near 110 cm⁻¹ (ν₁) is expected for a symmetric I ion, whereas slightly asymmetric tri-iodides exhibit two additional bands near 130 (ν₃) and 80 cm⁻¹ (ν₂) with medium to weak intensities (Deplano et al., 1994). For all three types of polyiodide adduct described above, each elongated I₂ molecule will show only one band in the FT-Raman spectrum [the ν(I—I) stretching vibration] in the approximate range 180−150 cm⁻¹, the exact value depending on the degree of I—I bond elongation (Deplano et al., 1992). However, FT-Raman spectroscopy cannot provide any structural information on the topological features of an extended polyiodide network, because the technique can only detect the presence of I anions and slightly elongated di-iodine molecules, along with some information on the degree of distortion and elongation of these two units, respectively. In this respect, the structural features of the reported polyiodides are consistent with their FT-Raman spectra. Compounds (2) and (4) each show in their FT-Raman spectra two peaks at 129, 113 and 125, 110 cm⁻¹, respectively, which can be assigned to the antisymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations, respectively, of the slightly asymmetric tri-iodides. The two peaks observed in the spectrum of (3) at 164.2 and 145.4 cm⁻¹ can be assigned to the stretching vibrations of the differently perturbed di-iodine molecules constituting the I fragments describable as [I⁻·(I₂)₂] adducts. The peak at 109.5 cm⁻¹ observed in the FT-Raman spectrum of (1) can be assigned to the symmetric I present in the crystal structure, while the other two peaks at 168.2 and 149.9 cm⁻¹ can be assigned to the stretching vibrations of the two differently perturbed di-iodine molecules, one of which (I4—I5) interacts with I3 to give a very asymmetric I which can be described as an [I⁻·I₂] adduct. The peaks at 168.9, 163.2 and 154.5 cm⁻¹ observed in the FT-Raman spectrum of (5) can be assigned, respectively, to the stretching vibrations of the perturbed di-iodine molecules I9–I10, I6–I7, I1–I2 and I4–I5 belonging to the I anions. The peak at 115.7 cm⁻¹ is attributed to a symmetric I formed by decomposition of the sample under laser irradiation.

5. Concluding remarks

The combination of (Lewis acidic) molecular di-iodine with (Lewis basic) iodide or tri-iodide anions to form extended donor–acceptor arrays is a remarkable example of self-assembly. Over the last 10 years we have established the great flexibility of polyiodide catenation to produce networks of varying topology by templation about a range of metal complexes of thioether macrocycles differing in charge, shape and size. At this stage some general conclusions can be drawn:

• (i) From a synthetic point of view the best approach is to react a BF₄^- or PF₆^- salt of the metal complex with excess di-iodine with the preferred polyiodide species being formed by self-assembly. Metathesis reactions using preformed I or I ions generally afford compounds in which the polyiodide units (normally tri-iodides) are isolated and rarely form extended structures through short I⋯I contacts.

• (ii) An effective direct transfer of geometrical properties (templation) from one crystal component (cation) to the other (polyiodide network) has been frequently observed, and is generally determined by the shape and charge of the cation template and directed by H⋯I interactions.

• (iii) Long S⋯I and M⋯I contacts can tip the balance towards polyiodide arrays of lower dimensionality and different geometry than would be expected on the basis of the shape of the complex cation template.

• (iv) S⋯I and M⋯I contacts, which are very common in products of metathesis reactions, frequently hamper the formation of multi-dimensional polyiodide networks. In these cases the extended structure involves both the cation and the anion.

Although we were able to draw the conclusions (i)–(iv) above in previous papers, we were only able to do so in a preliminary manner. The present work has, therefore, greatly contributed to defining more precisely the border between the different outcomes that can be expected from metathesis reactions versus those resulting from using excess iodine. Owing to the nature of the various interactions involved, exceptions to general trends are always possible and it is for this reason that the study of additional structures is necessary to obtain confirmation of the general relevance of conclusions (i)–(iv). We therefore selected for both metathesis and excess iodine reactions those metal cations which, according to our experience of earlier reactions, offered a good variability in shape, charge and size.

The use of stable metal complexes of macrocyclic ligands to provide a range of cationic templates is an especially promising strategy. It fulfils the four general requirements (i)–(iv) set out in the previous paragraph and will provide further insight into the factors that determine templation in the self-assembly of polyiodide arrays.

Supporting information

Computing details

For all compounds, data collection: Stadi4 (Stoe & Cie, 1996a); cell refinement: Stadi4 (Stoe & Cie, 1996a); data reduction: X-RED (Stoe & Cie, 1996b). Program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1990) for (1), (2), (3), (5); SIR92 (Altomare et al., 1994) for (4). For all compounds, program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1998); molecular graphics: Mercury (Macrae et al., 2006); software used to prepare material for publication: enCIFer (Allen et al., 2004; PLATON (Spek, 2003).

Figures

(1)

Crystal data

Co(C6H12S3)2^3+·3(I3^−)·I2	F(000) = 3208
Mr = 1815.56	Dx = 3.439 Mg m^−3
Monoclinic, C2/c	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
a = 15.156 (2) Å	Cell parameters from 47 reflections
b = 17.772 (4) Å	θ = 14.1–16.8°
c = 13.106 (6) Å	µ = 10.54 mm^−1
β = 96.67 (2)°	T = 150 K
V = 3506.2 (18) Å^3	Block, black
Z = 4	0.38 × 0.27 × 0.25 mm

Data collection

Stoe Stadi-4 four-circle diffractometer	2826 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube	Rint = 0.059
Graphite monochromator	θmax = 25.0°, θmin = 2.7°
ω–θ, profile learning scans	h = −17→17
Absorption correction: integration (X-RED; Stoe & Cie, 1995a)	k = 0→21
Tmin = 0.476, Tmax = 0.530	l = −6→15
4855 measured reflections	3 standard reflections every 60 min
3075 independent reflections	intensity decay: random variation +−4.5%

Refinement

Refinement on F^2	Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
Least-squares matrix: full	Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F^2 > 2σ(F^2)] = 0.038	H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F^2) = 0.108	Calculated w = 1/[σ^2(Fo^2) + (0.05P)^2 + 91.P] where P = (Fo^2 + 2Fc^2)/3
S = 1.13	(Δ/σ)max = 0.001
3075 reflections	Δρmax = 1.28 e Å^−3
139 parameters	Δρmin = −2.21 e Å^−3
0 restraints	Extinction correction: SHELXL, Fc^*=kFc[1+0.001xFc^2λ^3/sin(2θ)]^-1/4
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods	Extinction coefficient: 0.00016 (3)

Special details

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Ų)

	x	y	z	Uiso*/Ueq
Co	0.2500	0.2500	0.5000	0.0116 (3)
S1	0.30500 (14)	0.23008 (12)	0.66408 (15)	0.0149 (4)
C2	0.2260 (5)	0.2741 (5)	0.7398 (6)	0.0142 (17)
H2A	0.2262	0.2471	0.8059	0.017*
H2B	0.2438	0.3269	0.7548	0.017*
C3	0.1311 (6)	0.2722 (5)	0.6806 (7)	0.0185 (18)
H3A	0.0911	0.3035	0.7176	0.022*
H3B	0.1085	0.2199	0.6791	0.022*
S4	0.12929 (13)	0.30638 (11)	0.55054 (15)	0.0131 (4)
C5	0.1618 (6)	0.4059 (5)	0.5691 (7)	0.0168 (18)
H5A	0.1085	0.4383	0.5570	0.020*
H5B	0.1888	0.4138	0.6408	0.020*
C6	0.2266 (6)	0.4274 (5)	0.4970 (7)	0.0155 (17)
H6A	0.2496	0.4785	0.5147	0.019*
H6B	0.1956	0.4292	0.4263	0.019*
S7	0.32014 (14)	0.36215 (12)	0.50030 (15)	0.0150 (4)
C8	0.3717 (5)	0.3721 (5)	0.6324 (6)	0.0151 (17)
H8A	0.4258	0.4036	0.6336	0.018*
H8B	0.3301	0.3978	0.6736	0.018*
C9	0.3963 (5)	0.2962 (5)	0.6793 (6)	0.0161 (17)
H9A	0.4162	0.3027	0.7534	0.019*
H9B	0.4467	0.2752	0.6467	0.019*
I1	0.19539 (4)	0.07019 (3)	0.78067 (4)	0.02182 (19)
I2	0.0000	0.07134 (5)	0.7500	0.0206 (2)
I3	0.40366 (4)	0.10956 (3)	1.08221 (4)	0.02258 (19)
I4	0.39235 (4)	0.27250 (3)	1.00653 (4)	0.02008 (19)
I5	0.38891 (4)	0.41948 (4)	0.92459 (5)	0.02446 (19)
I6	0.46869 (4)	0.09434 (3)	0.84466 (4)	0.02196 (19)

Atomic displacement parameters (Ų)

	U^11	U^22	U^33	U^12	U^13	U^23
Co	0.0128 (8)	0.0114 (7)	0.0116 (7)	−0.0001 (6)	0.0057 (6)	−0.0008 (6)
S1	0.0147 (10)	0.0164 (10)	0.0142 (9)	0.0015 (8)	0.0040 (8)	−0.0005 (8)
C2	0.014 (4)	0.019 (4)	0.011 (4)	−0.006 (3)	0.004 (3)	−0.003 (3)
C3	0.016 (4)	0.020 (4)	0.020 (4)	0.004 (4)	0.004 (3)	0.003 (3)
S4	0.0111 (9)	0.0137 (10)	0.0154 (9)	0.0007 (8)	0.0051 (7)	−0.0016 (8)
C5	0.015 (4)	0.018 (4)	0.017 (4)	0.008 (3)	−0.003 (3)	0.002 (3)
C6	0.019 (4)	0.010 (4)	0.017 (4)	0.005 (3)	0.003 (3)	0.005 (3)
S7	0.0159 (10)	0.0140 (10)	0.0160 (9)	−0.0017 (8)	0.0059 (8)	−0.0011 (8)
C8	0.006 (4)	0.019 (4)	0.020 (4)	−0.002 (3)	0.001 (3)	−0.004 (3)
C9	0.008 (4)	0.022 (4)	0.019 (4)	−0.001 (3)	0.002 (3)	−0.002 (3)
I1	0.0252 (3)	0.0188 (3)	0.0226 (3)	−0.0004 (2)	0.0078 (2)	0.0040 (2)
I2	0.0273 (5)	0.0164 (4)	0.0189 (4)	0.000	0.0060 (3)	0.000
I3	0.0261 (4)	0.0190 (3)	0.0247 (3)	−0.0015 (2)	0.0118 (2)	−0.0011 (2)
I4	0.0178 (3)	0.0234 (3)	0.0202 (3)	0.0023 (2)	0.0070 (2)	−0.0020 (2)
I5	0.0302 (4)	0.0211 (3)	0.0245 (3)	0.0044 (2)	0.0131 (3)	0.0010 (2)
I6	0.0224 (3)	0.0205 (3)	0.0230 (3)	−0.0008 (2)	0.0027 (2)	0.0009 (2)

Geometric parameters (Å, º)

Co—S1	2.242 (2)	I4—I5	2.8225 (10)
Co—S4	2.252 (2)	I6—I6^i	2.7577 (16)
Co—S7	2.259 (2)	C2—H2A	0.9900
S1—C2	1.818 (8)	C2—H2B	0.9900
S1—C9	1.809 (9)	C3—H3A	0.9900
C2—C3	1.553 (12)	C3—H3B	0.9900
C3—S4	1.808 (9)	C5—H5A	0.9900
S4—C5	1.845 (9)	C5—H5B	0.9900
C5—C6	1.490 (13)	C6—H6A	0.9900
C6—S7	1.828 (9)	C6—H6B	0.9900
S7—C8	1.823 (8)	C8—H8A	0.9900
C8—C9	1.512 (13)	C8—H8B	0.9900
I1—I2	2.9419 (14)	C9—H9A	0.9900
I3—I4	3.0593 (11)	C9—H9B	0.9900
S1—Co—S4	90.71 (8)	C2—C3—H3A	109.2
S1—Co—S7	90.87 (8)	S4—C3—H3A	109.2
S4—Co—S7	90.29 (7)	C2—C3—H3B	109.2
C9—S1—C2	101.8 (4)	S4—C3—H3B	109.2
C9—S1—Co	101.4 (3)	H3A—C3—H3B	107.9
C2—S1—Co	105.1 (3)	C6—C5—H5A	109.6
C3—C2—S1	110.4 (6)	S4—C5—H5A	109.6
C2—C3—S4	112.0 (6)	C6—C5—H5B	109.6
C3—S4—C5	102.9 (4)	S4—C5—H5B	109.6
C3—S4—Co	101.8 (3)	H5A—C5—H5B	108.1
C5—S4—Co	104.6 (3)	C5—C6—H6A	109.0
C6—C5—S4	110.3 (6)	S7—C6—H6A	109.0
C5—C6—S7	112.9 (6)	C5—C6—H6B	109.0
C8—S7—C6	101.9 (4)	S7—C6—H6B	109.0
C8—S7—Co	103.7 (3)	H6A—C6—H6B	107.8
C6—S7—Co	101.3 (3)	C9—C8—H8A	109.4
C9—C8—S7	111.0 (6)	S7—C8—H8A	109.4
C8—C9—S1	112.7 (6)	C9—C8—H8B	109.4
I1^ii—I2—I1	179.21 (4)	S7—C8—H8B	109.4
I3—I4—I5	175.75 (3)	H8A—C8—H8B	108.0
C3—C2—H2A	109.6	C8—C9—H9A	109.1
S1—C2—H2A	109.6	S1—C9—H9A	109.1
C3—C2—H2B	109.6	C8—C9—H9B	109.1
S1—C2—H2B	109.6	S1—C9—H9B	109.1
H2A—C2—H2B	108.1	H9A—C9—H9B	107.8
C9—S1—C2—C3	135.2 (6)	C5—C6—S7—C8	−62.5 (7)
S1—C2—C3—S4	−49.6 (7)	C6—S7—C8—C9	135.9 (6)
C2—C3—S4—C5	−64.6 (7)	S7—C8—C9—S1	−50.8 (7)
C3—S4—C5—C6	137.0 (6)	C2—S1—C9—C8	−64.6 (7)
S4—C5—C6—S7	−50.8 (7)

Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1, y, −z+3/2; (ii) −x, y, −z+3/2.

(2)

Crystal data

C12H24NiS6^2+·2(I3^−)	Z = 2
Mr = 1180.82	F(000) = 1076
Monoclinic, P21/c	Dx = 2.818 Mg m^−3
a = 9.4450 (18) Å	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
b = 9.042 (2) Å	µ = 7.80 mm^−1
c = 16.449 (3) Å	T = 150 K
β = 97.83 (3)°	Block, deep red
V = 1391.7 (5) Å^3	0.42 × 0.39 × 0.39 mm

Data collection

Stoe Stadi-4 four-circle diffractometer	1688 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube	Rint = 0.013
Graphite monochromator	θmax = 22.5°, θmin = 2.6°
ω–θ, profile learning scans	h = −10→10
Absorption correction: ψ scan (X-RED; Stoe & Cie, 1995a)	k = 0→9
Tmin = 0.020, Tmax = 0.048	l = 0→17
2173 measured reflections	3 standard reflections every 60 min
1801 independent reflections	intensity decay: none

Refinement

Refinement on F^2	Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
Least-squares matrix: full	Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F^2 > 2σ(F^2)] = 0.033	H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F^2) = 0.088	w = 1/[σ^2(Fo^2) + (0.047P)^2 + 5.88P] where P = (Fo^2 + 2Fc^2)/3
S = 1.17	(Δ/σ)max = 0.001
1801 reflections	Δρmax = 0.87 e Å^−3
116 parameters	Δρmin = −1.28 e Å^−3
0 restraints	Extinction correction: SHELXL, Fc^*=kFc[1+0.001xFc^2λ^3/sin(2θ)]^-1/4
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods	Extinction coefficient: 0.0029 (2)

Special details

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Ų)

	x	y	z	Uiso*/Ueq
Ni	1.0000	0.0000	1.0000	0.0225 (3)
S1	0.75677 (17)	−0.08073 (19)	0.99551 (10)	0.0258 (4)
S4	0.91385 (17)	0.21363 (18)	0.92215 (10)	0.0257 (4)
S7	1.01175 (17)	−0.12749 (19)	0.87452 (10)	0.0256 (4)
C2	0.6657 (7)	0.0935 (8)	0.9699 (4)	0.0290 (16)
H2A	0.5628	0.0732	0.9535	0.035*
H2B	0.6747	0.1560	1.0197	0.035*
C3	0.7211 (7)	0.1805 (8)	0.9014 (4)	0.0284 (15)
H3A	0.6707	0.2766	0.8947	0.034*
H3B	0.6994	0.1251	0.8493	0.034*
C5	0.9716 (7)	0.1659 (8)	0.8242 (4)	0.0297 (16)
H5A	0.9233	0.2332	0.7817	0.036*
H5B	1.0755	0.1846	0.8282	0.036*
C6	0.9432 (8)	0.0089 (7)	0.7959 (4)	0.0289 (17)
H6A	0.9886	−0.0084	0.7459	0.035*
H6B	0.8389	−0.0053	0.7812	0.035*
C8	0.8617 (7)	−0.2525 (8)	0.8758 (4)	0.0317 (16)
H8A	0.8391	−0.2975	0.8207	0.038*
H8B	0.8912	−0.3333	0.9151	0.038*
C9	0.7252 (7)	−0.1817 (8)	0.8991 (4)	0.0291 (16)
H9A	0.6535	−0.2600	0.9036	0.035*
H9B	0.6853	−0.1131	0.8549	0.035*
I1	0.55955 (5)	−0.01163 (5)	0.67081 (3)	0.0296 (2)
I2	0.77572 (6)	0.00215 (5)	0.56196 (3)	0.0350 (2)
I3	0.34659 (5)	−0.02858 (6)	0.78551 (3)	0.0376 (2)

Atomic displacement parameters (Ų)

	U^11	U^22	U^33	U^12	U^13	U^23
Ni	0.0194 (7)	0.0256 (7)	0.0222 (7)	−0.0003 (5)	0.0017 (5)	0.0004 (5)
S1	0.0220 (8)	0.0281 (9)	0.0266 (9)	−0.0008 (7)	0.0014 (7)	0.0009 (7)
S4	0.0229 (8)	0.0272 (9)	0.0267 (9)	0.0002 (7)	0.0020 (7)	0.0020 (7)
S7	0.0252 (9)	0.0288 (9)	0.0227 (8)	0.0000 (7)	0.0026 (7)	−0.0018 (7)
C2	0.019 (3)	0.033 (4)	0.035 (4)	0.002 (3)	0.001 (3)	−0.003 (3)
C3	0.020 (3)	0.031 (4)	0.032 (4)	0.003 (3)	−0.001 (3)	0.002 (3)
C5	0.026 (3)	0.037 (4)	0.027 (4)	0.003 (3)	0.004 (3)	0.007 (3)
C6	0.024 (4)	0.040 (4)	0.023 (4)	0.004 (3)	0.002 (3)	0.003 (3)
C8	0.032 (4)	0.031 (4)	0.031 (4)	−0.004 (3)	0.000 (3)	−0.007 (3)
C9	0.023 (3)	0.030 (4)	0.033 (4)	−0.007 (3)	0.000 (3)	−0.003 (3)
I1	0.0243 (3)	0.0319 (3)	0.0308 (3)	−0.00061 (18)	−0.0027 (2)	0.00002 (18)
I2	0.0350 (4)	0.0353 (3)	0.0352 (3)	−0.00155 (19)	0.0065 (2)	−0.00048 (19)
I3	0.0271 (3)	0.0497 (4)	0.0358 (3)	0.0043 (2)	0.0036 (2)	0.0031 (2)

Geometric parameters (Å, º)

Ni—S1	2.4020 (17)	C3—H3B	0.9900
Ni—S4	2.3978 (17)	C5—C6	1.507 (10)
Ni—S7	2.3799 (16)	C5—H5A	0.9900
S1—C2	1.817 (7)	C5—H5B	0.9900
S1—C9	1.819 (7)	C6—H6A	0.9900
S4—C5	1.821 (7)	C6—H6B	0.9900
S4—C3	1.831 (6)	C8—C9	1.534 (10)
S7—C8	1.815 (7)	C8—H8A	0.9900
S7—C6	1.840 (7)	C8—H8B	0.9900
C2—C3	1.523 (10)	C9—H9A	0.9900
C2—H2A	0.9900	C9—H9B	0.9900
C2—H2B	0.9900	I1—I2	2.8959 (10)
C3—H3A	0.9900	I1—I3	2.9433 (10)
S1—Ni—S4	88.56 (6)	C6—C5—H5A	108.3
S1—Ni—S7	89.06 (6)	S4—C5—H5A	108.3
S4—Ni—S7	88.83 (6)	C6—C5—H5B	108.3
C2—S1—C9	102.5 (3)	S4—C5—H5B	108.3
C2—S1—Ni	99.5 (2)	H5A—C5—H5B	107.4
C9—S1—Ni	102.8 (2)	C5—C6—S7	112.5 (5)
C5—S4—C3	101.9 (3)	C5—C6—H6A	109.1
C5—S4—Ni	99.3 (2)	S7—C6—H6A	109.1
C3—S4—Ni	102.9 (2)	C5—C6—H6B	109.1
C8—S7—C6	103.0 (3)	S7—C6—H6B	109.1
C8—S7—Ni	99.3 (2)	H6A—C6—H6B	107.8
C6—S7—Ni	103.4 (2)	C9—C8—S7	115.3 (5)
C3—C2—S1	114.8 (5)	C9—C8—H8A	108.5
C3—C2—H2A	108.6	S7—C8—H8A	108.5
S1—C2—H2A	108.6	C9—C8—H8B	108.5
C3—C2—H2B	108.6	S7—C8—H8B	108.5
S1—C2—H2B	108.6	H8A—C8—H8B	107.5
H2A—C2—H2B	107.5	C8—C9—S1	112.6 (4)
C2—C3—S4	112.3 (4)	C8—C9—H9A	109.1
C2—C3—H3A	109.1	S1—C9—H9A	109.1
S4—C3—H3A	109.1	C8—C9—H9B	109.1
C2—C3—H3B	109.1	S1—C9—H9B	109.1
S4—C3—H3B	109.1	H9A—C9—H9B	107.8
H3A—C3—H3B	107.9	I2—I1—I3	178.25 (2)
C6—C5—S4	115.8 (5)
C9—S1—C2—C3	−59.9 (5)	C8—S7—C6—C5	132.0 (5)
S1—C2—C3—S4	−54.5 (6)	C6—S7—C8—C9	−61.0 (6)
C5—S4—C3—C2	133.9 (5)	S7—C8—C9—S1	−53.1 (7)
C3—S4—C5—C6	−60.6 (6)	C2—S1—C9—C8	132.4 (5)
S4—C5—C6—S7	−52.1 (6)

(3)

Crystal data

C12H24NiS6^2+·2(I5^−)	Dx = 3.189 Mg m^−3
Mr = 1688.38	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
Orthorhombic, Pbca	Cell parameters from 28 reflections
a = 12.317 (3) Å	θ = 14–15.5°
b = 15.602 (6) Å	µ = 9.69 mm^−1
c = 18.302 (7) Å	T = 150 K
V = 3517 (2) Å^3	Block, dark red
Z = 4	0.24 × 0.23 × 0.17 mm
F(000) = 3000

Data collection

Stoe Stadi-4 four-circle diffractometer	2730 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube	Rint = 0.042
Graphite monochromator	θmax = 25.0°, θmin = 2.8°
ω–θ, profile learning scans	h = 0→14
Absorption correction: integration (X-RED; Stoe & Cie, 1996b)	k = 0→18
Tmin = 0.145, Tmax = 0.236	l = 0→21
3483 measured reflections	3 standard reflections every 60 min
3086 independent reflections	intensity decay: random variation +−3.4%

Refinement

Refinement on F^2	Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
Least-squares matrix: full	Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F^2 > 2σ(F^2)] = 0.038	H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F^2) = 0.100	w = 1/[σ^2(Fo^2) + (0.04P)^2 + 25.87P] where P = (Fo^2 + 2Fc^2)/3
S = 1.31	(Δ/σ)max = 0.001
3086 reflections	Δρmax = 1.60 e Å^−3
134 parameters	Δρmin = −1.02 e Å^−3
0 restraints	Extinction correction: SHELXL, Fc^*=kFc[1+0.001xFc^2λ^3/sin(2θ)]^-1/4
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods	Extinction coefficient: 0.00023 (3)

Special details

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Ų)

	x	y	z	Uiso*/Ueq
Ni	0.5000	0.5000	0.5000	0.0149 (3)
S1	0.35408 (17)	0.60122 (14)	0.49403 (12)	0.0186 (5)
C2	0.3113 (8)	0.5968 (6)	0.5875 (5)	0.024 (2)
H2A	0.3647	0.6288	0.6173	0.029*
H2B	0.2410	0.6272	0.5915	0.029*
C3	0.2977 (7)	0.5072 (6)	0.6210 (5)	0.023 (2)
H3A	0.2359	0.4776	0.5973	0.028*
H3B	0.2811	0.5127	0.6737	0.028*
S4	0.42108 (18)	0.44301 (14)	0.60931 (12)	0.0189 (5)
C5	0.3713 (8)	0.3423 (6)	0.5739 (5)	0.0214 (19)
H5A	0.4330	0.3019	0.5708	0.026*
H5B	0.3187	0.3184	0.6094	0.026*
C6	0.3160 (8)	0.3465 (6)	0.4983 (5)	0.023 (2)
H6A	0.2447	0.3752	0.5036	0.027*
H6B	0.3025	0.2874	0.4809	0.027*
S7	0.39427 (17)	0.40236 (14)	0.43137 (11)	0.0170 (4)
C8	0.2960 (7)	0.4754 (6)	0.3925 (4)	0.0170 (18)
H8A	0.3310	0.5070	0.3519	0.020*
H8B	0.2356	0.4415	0.3715	0.020*
C9	0.2486 (7)	0.5407 (6)	0.4464 (5)	0.0220 (19)
H9A	0.2033	0.5102	0.4827	0.026*
H9B	0.2012	0.5810	0.4195	0.026*
I1	−0.02790 (5)	0.66779 (4)	0.41716 (3)	0.02748 (19)
I2	−0.00769 (5)	0.62028 (4)	0.56491 (3)	0.02190 (17)
I3	0.01068 (5)	0.57050 (5)	0.72639 (3)	0.03055 (19)
I4	0.18989 (6)	0.70928 (4)	0.75605 (3)	0.02617 (19)
I5	0.35807 (7)	0.82586 (5)	0.77565 (4)	0.0430 (2)

Atomic displacement parameters (Ų)

	U^11	U^22	U^33	U^12	U^13	U^23
Ni	0.0156 (7)	0.0155 (8)	0.0136 (7)	0.0016 (6)	0.0009 (6)	−0.0027 (6)
S1	0.0197 (11)	0.0170 (11)	0.0191 (11)	0.0028 (9)	0.0006 (9)	−0.0035 (9)
C2	0.024 (5)	0.024 (5)	0.024 (5)	0.007 (4)	0.000 (4)	−0.004 (4)
C3	0.020 (4)	0.030 (5)	0.020 (5)	−0.005 (4)	0.001 (4)	−0.003 (4)
S4	0.0224 (11)	0.0200 (11)	0.0144 (10)	0.0003 (9)	0.0028 (9)	0.0006 (9)
C5	0.029 (5)	0.017 (5)	0.018 (5)	−0.002 (4)	0.007 (4)	0.002 (4)
C6	0.024 (5)	0.022 (5)	0.021 (5)	−0.005 (4)	0.002 (4)	−0.002 (4)
S7	0.0183 (10)	0.0165 (11)	0.0163 (10)	0.0000 (8)	0.0009 (8)	−0.0041 (9)
C8	0.022 (4)	0.021 (5)	0.007 (4)	0.003 (4)	−0.004 (3)	−0.003 (3)
C9	0.019 (4)	0.024 (5)	0.023 (5)	−0.002 (4)	−0.003 (4)	−0.002 (4)
I1	0.0289 (3)	0.0293 (4)	0.0242 (3)	0.0032 (3)	0.0033 (3)	0.0057 (3)
I2	0.0199 (3)	0.0206 (3)	0.0252 (3)	−0.0027 (2)	−0.0007 (2)	−0.0004 (2)
I3	0.0332 (4)	0.0377 (4)	0.0208 (3)	−0.0004 (3)	−0.0022 (3)	0.0058 (3)
I4	0.0387 (4)	0.0251 (3)	0.0148 (3)	0.0048 (3)	0.0057 (3)	0.0033 (3)
I5	0.0614 (5)	0.0335 (4)	0.0340 (4)	−0.0133 (4)	0.0144 (4)	−0.0092 (3)

Geometric parameters (Å, º)

Ni—S1	2.395 (2)	C5—H5B	0.9900
Ni—S4	2.395 (2)	C6—S7	1.787 (9)
Ni—S7	2.365 (2)	C6—H6A	0.9900
S1—C2	1.791 (10)	C6—H6B	0.9900
S1—C9	1.828 (9)	S7—C8	1.808 (9)
C2—C3	1.536 (13)	C8—C9	1.532 (12)
C2—H2A	0.9900	C8—H8A	0.9900
C2—H2B	0.9900	C8—H8B	0.9900
C3—S4	1.833 (9)	C9—H9A	0.9900
C3—H3A	0.9900	C9—H9B	0.9900
C3—H3B	0.9900	I1—I2	2.8149 (13)
S4—C5	1.806 (9)	I2—I3	3.0641 (14)
C5—C6	1.543 (13)	I3—I4	3.1393 (12)
C5—H5A	0.9900	I4—I5	2.7800 (12)
S1—Ni—S4	88.76 (8)	H5A—C5—H5B	107.4
S1—Ni—S7	89.27 (8)	C5—C6—S7	113.4 (6)
S4—Ni—S7	88.91 (8)	C5—C6—H6A	108.9
C2—S1—C9	103.1 (4)	S7—C6—H6A	108.9
C2—S1—Ni	98.7 (3)	C5—C6—H6B	108.9
C9—S1—Ni	102.4 (3)	S7—C6—H6B	108.9
C3—C2—S1	116.7 (7)	H6A—C6—H6B	107.7
C3—C2—H2A	108.1	C6—S7—C8	102.5 (4)
S1—C2—H2A	108.1	C6—S7—Ni	104.3 (3)
C3—C2—H2B	108.1	C8—S7—Ni	99.9 (3)
S1—C2—H2B	108.1	C9—C8—S7	114.9 (6)
H2A—C2—H2B	107.3	C9—C8—H8A	108.5
C2—C3—S4	111.1 (6)	S7—C8—H8A	108.5
C2—C3—H3A	109.4	C9—C8—H8B	108.5
S4—C3—H3A	109.4	S7—C8—H8B	108.5
C2—C3—H3B	109.4	H8A—C8—H8B	107.5
S4—C3—H3B	109.4	C8—C9—S1	112.3 (6)
H3A—C3—H3B	108.0	C8—C9—H9A	109.1
C5—S4—C3	103.6 (4)	S1—C9—H9A	109.1
C5—S4—Ni	99.3 (3)	C8—C9—H9B	109.1
C3—S4—Ni	103.4 (3)	S1—C9—H9B	109.1
C6—C5—S4	115.8 (6)	H9A—C9—H9B	107.9
C6—C5—H5A	108.3	I1—I2—I3	178.97 (3)
S4—C5—H5A	108.3	I2—I3—I4	92.51 (3)
C6—C5—H5B	108.3	I3—I4—I5	175.97 (3)
S4—C5—H5B	108.3
C2—S1—C9—C8	−133.0 (7)	C5—C6—S7—C8	−131.1 (7)
C9—S1—C2—C3	58.2 (8)	C6—S7—C8—C9	62.1 (7)
S1—C2—C3—S4	53.5 (8)	S7—C8—C9—S1	53.7 (8)
C2—C3—S4—C5	−131.5 (7)	I1—I2—I3—I4	−98.9 (17)
C3—S4—C5—C6	63.8 (7)	I2—I3—I4—I5	−64.6 (5)
S4—C5—C6—S7	49.8 (9)

(4)

Crystal data

C8H16PdS4^2+·2(I3^−)	F(000) = 3936
Mr = 1108.25	Dx = 3.287 Mg m^−3
Monoclinic, C2/c	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
a = 18.062 (8) Å	Cell parameters from 40 reflections
b = 23.602 (14) Å	θ = 11.5–18.0°
c = 11.166 (5) Å	µ = 9.46 mm^−1
β = 109.81 (6)°	T = 150 K
V = 4478 (4) Å^3	Column, depp red
Z = 8	0.54 × 0.16 × 0.16 mm

Data collection

Stoe Stadi-4 four-circle diffractometer	2466 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube	Rint = 0.012
Graphite monochromator	θmax = 22.5°, θmin = 2.6°
ω–θ, profile learning scans	h = −19→18
Absorption correction: ψ scan (X-RED; Stoe & Cie, 1996b)	k = 0→25
Tmin = 0.293, Tmax = 0.364	l = 0→12
4211 measured reflections	3 standard reflections every 60 min
2926 independent reflections	intensity decay: none

Refinement

Refinement on F^2	Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
Least-squares matrix: full	Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F^2 > 2σ(F^2)] = 0.040	H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F^2) = 0.093	w = 1/[σ^2(Fo^2) + (0.027P)^2 + 159.6P] where P = (Fo^2 + 2Fc^2)/3
S = 1.23	(Δ/σ)max = 0.001
2926 reflections	Δρmax = 0.99 e Å^−3
247 parameters	Δρmin = −0.73 e Å^−3
50 restraints	Extinction correction: SHELXL, Fc^*=kFc[1+0.001xFc^2λ^3/sin(2θ)]^-1/4
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods	Extinction coefficient: 0.000035 (7)

Special details

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. The [Pd([12]S4)]2+ cation is co-facially disordered in the ratio 0.824 (3):0.176 (3). All atoms of the major component were refined anisotropically, while the C atoms of the minor component were refined with a common U(iso) of 0.028 (9) Angstrom**2. A distance restraint of 1.54 (1) Angstroms was applied to all C—C distances in the structure, and similarity restraints were applied between the two cation components.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Ų)

	x	y	z	Uiso*/Ueq	Occ. (<1)
Pd1	0.28576 (6)	0.12334 (5)	0.18428 (10)	0.0208 (3)	0.824 (3)
S1	0.2601 (2)	0.02796 (15)	0.1857 (4)	0.0221 (9)	0.824 (3)
C2	0.2644 (8)	0.0273 (6)	0.3518 (13)	0.027 (4)	0.824 (3)
H2A	0.2254	0.0541	0.3640	0.032*	0.824 (3)
H2B	0.2527	−0.0111	0.3761	0.032*	0.824 (3)
C3	0.3481 (9)	0.0451 (6)	0.4336 (16)	0.025 (4)	0.824 (3)
H3A	0.3854	0.0153	0.4285	0.030*	0.824 (3)
H3B	0.3509	0.0480	0.5235	0.030*	0.824 (3)
S4	0.3788 (2)	0.11274 (16)	0.3852 (4)	0.0241 (9)	0.824 (3)
C5	0.3293 (9)	0.1634 (5)	0.4553 (14)	0.029 (4)	0.824 (3)
H5A	0.2743	0.1513	0.4399	0.035*	0.824 (3)
H5B	0.3568	0.1659	0.5484	0.035*	0.824 (3)
C6	0.3303 (11)	0.2213 (5)	0.3931 (15)	0.027 (4)	0.824 (3)
H6A	0.3855	0.2341	0.4144	0.033*	0.824 (3)
H6B	0.3025	0.2493	0.4285	0.033*	0.824 (3)
S7	0.2845 (2)	0.21925 (15)	0.2229 (4)	0.0232 (9)	0.824 (3)
C8	0.1817 (8)	0.2215 (7)	0.2067 (12)	0.028 (4)	0.824 (3)
H8A	0.1719	0.1963	0.2706	0.034*	0.824 (3)
H8B	0.1668	0.2605	0.2217	0.034*	0.824 (3)
C9	0.1319 (10)	0.2022 (6)	0.0719 (12)	0.027 (4)	0.824 (3)
H9A	0.1355	0.2310	0.0098	0.032*	0.824 (3)
H9B	0.0761	0.1994	0.0662	0.032*	0.824 (3)
S10	0.1639 (2)	0.13349 (17)	0.0297 (4)	0.0271 (9)	0.824 (3)
C11	0.1138 (9)	0.0826 (5)	0.0990 (14)	0.026 (4)	0.824 (3)
H11A	0.1182	0.0943	0.1863	0.031*	0.824 (3)
H11B	0.0573	0.0802	0.0468	0.031*	0.824 (3)
C12	0.1545 (11)	0.0251 (6)	0.1013 (17)	0.035 (5)	0.824 (3)
H12A	0.1448	0.0125	0.0127	0.042*	0.824 (3)
H12B	0.1308	−0.0033	0.1427	0.042*	0.824 (3)
Pd2	0.2100 (3)	0.1263 (2)	0.3201 (5)	0.0219 (16)	0.176 (3)
S21	0.2048 (11)	0.0304 (5)	0.2795 (15)	0.026 (5)	0.176 (3)
C22	0.3085 (17)	0.0266 (19)	0.291 (4)	0.028 (9)*	0.176 (3)
H22A	0.3218	−0.0118	0.2693	0.034*	0.176 (3)
H22B	0.3200	0.0544	0.2338	0.034*	0.176 (3)
C23	0.355 (3)	0.0406 (13)	0.432 (5)	0.028 (9)*	0.176 (3)
H23A	0.4122	0.0402	0.4443	0.034*	0.176 (3)
H23B	0.3450	0.0110	0.4869	0.034*	0.176 (3)
S24	0.3285 (8)	0.1100 (7)	0.4786 (13)	0.024 (4)	0.176 (3)
C25	0.3833 (19)	0.1571 (16)	0.410 (5)	0.028 (9)*	0.176 (3)
H25A	0.4397	0.1569	0.4632	0.034*	0.176 (3)
H25B	0.3782	0.1444	0.3234	0.034*	0.176 (3)
C26	0.349 (2)	0.2170 (13)	0.406 (6)	0.028 (9)*	0.176 (3)
H26A	0.3760	0.2429	0.3649	0.034*	0.176 (3)
H26B	0.3595	0.2304	0.4943	0.034*	0.176 (3)
S27	0.2449 (11)	0.2203 (5)	0.3217 (17)	0.030 (5)	0.176 (3)
C28	0.242 (3)	0.221 (2)	0.158 (3)	0.028 (9)*	0.176 (3)
H28A	0.2578	0.2582	0.1355	0.034*	0.176 (3)
H28B	0.2781	0.1917	0.1451	0.034*	0.176 (3)
C29	0.157 (3)	0.2074 (14)	0.073 (4)	0.028 (9)*	0.176 (3)
H29A	0.1538	0.2051	−0.0166	0.034*	0.176 (3)
H29B	0.1218	0.2388	0.0805	0.034*	0.176 (3)
S30	0.1208 (9)	0.1407 (7)	0.1182 (14)	0.029 (5)	0.176 (3)
C31	0.162 (3)	0.0862 (15)	0.043 (3)	0.028 (9)*	0.176 (3)
H31A	0.1318	0.0843	−0.0495	0.034*	0.176 (3)
H31B	0.2175	0.0949	0.0544	0.034*	0.176 (3)
C32	0.156 (4)	0.0295 (12)	0.107 (3)	0.028 (9)*	0.176 (3)
H32A	0.1794	−0.0007	0.0703	0.034*	0.176 (3)
H32B	0.0996	0.0201	0.0882	0.034*	0.176 (3)
I1	0.35312 (5)	0.12742 (4)	−0.04569 (8)	0.0332 (3)
I2	0.22848 (5)	0.12624 (3)	−0.28929 (8)	0.0288 (2)
I3	0.10398 (5)	0.12668 (4)	−0.54626 (8)	0.0355 (3)
I4	0.0000	0.03716 (6)	0.7500	0.0393 (4)
I5	0.0000	0.16133 (5)	0.7500	0.0306 (3)
I6	0.0000	0.28489 (6)	0.7500	0.0400 (4)
I7	0.5000	0.21877 (6)	0.7500	0.0435 (4)
I8	0.5000	0.09549 (6)	0.7500	0.0320 (3)
I9	0.5000	−0.02877 (6)	0.7500	0.0386 (4)

Atomic displacement parameters (Ų)

	U^11	U^22	U^33	U^12	U^13	U^23
Pd1	0.0213 (6)	0.0182 (6)	0.0228 (6)	0.0016 (5)	0.0074 (5)	0.0014 (5)
S1	0.026 (2)	0.0159 (19)	0.026 (2)	0.0034 (16)	0.0101 (18)	−0.0004 (16)
C2	0.052 (12)	0.012 (8)	0.026 (10)	−0.006 (7)	0.024 (10)	0.001 (7)
C3	0.032 (10)	0.022 (8)	0.016 (8)	0.015 (7)	0.000 (7)	0.008 (7)
S4	0.0195 (19)	0.025 (2)	0.024 (2)	0.0012 (17)	0.0028 (16)	0.0026 (17)
C5	0.023 (9)	0.038 (11)	0.018 (8)	0.010 (7)	−0.004 (7)	−0.005 (7)
C6	0.035 (10)	0.022 (9)	0.024 (9)	−0.004 (7)	0.009 (8)	−0.010 (7)
S7	0.025 (2)	0.0162 (19)	0.029 (2)	0.0014 (16)	0.0096 (18)	0.0027 (16)
C8	0.013 (8)	0.030 (9)	0.045 (11)	0.003 (7)	0.013 (8)	0.001 (8)
C9	0.037 (11)	0.019 (8)	0.019 (8)	−0.001 (7)	0.002 (8)	0.004 (7)
S10	0.031 (2)	0.026 (2)	0.022 (2)	0.0047 (18)	0.0054 (17)	0.0026 (17)
C11	0.024 (9)	0.031 (9)	0.020 (8)	0.004 (7)	0.003 (7)	0.000 (7)
C12	0.032 (10)	0.039 (10)	0.030 (10)	−0.007 (8)	0.006 (8)	−0.017 (8)
Pd2	0.020 (3)	0.022 (3)	0.023 (3)	−0.002 (2)	0.007 (2)	−0.004 (2)
S21	0.033 (12)	0.028 (10)	0.005 (9)	−0.012 (9)	−0.006 (9)	0.005 (8)
S24	0.016 (9)	0.035 (12)	0.017 (9)	0.004 (8)	0.003 (7)	−0.001 (8)
S27	0.040 (12)	0.014 (9)	0.035 (11)	0.005 (8)	0.012 (10)	−0.011 (8)
S30	0.020 (10)	0.026 (10)	0.033 (11)	0.005 (8)	−0.002 (8)	−0.001 (8)
I1	0.0342 (5)	0.0381 (5)	0.0296 (5)	−0.0011 (4)	0.0138 (4)	−0.0005 (4)
I2	0.0363 (5)	0.0194 (4)	0.0323 (5)	−0.0009 (4)	0.0138 (4)	0.0001 (4)
I3	0.0367 (5)	0.0319 (5)	0.0356 (5)	−0.0031 (4)	0.0090 (4)	0.0009 (4)
I4	0.0437 (8)	0.0401 (8)	0.0330 (8)	0.000	0.0113 (6)	0.000
I5	0.0246 (7)	0.0406 (8)	0.0245 (7)	0.000	0.0054 (5)	0.000
I6	0.0329 (8)	0.0402 (8)	0.0446 (8)	0.000	0.0103 (6)	0.000
I7	0.0375 (8)	0.0430 (8)	0.0446 (8)	0.000	0.0069 (7)	0.000
I8	0.0251 (7)	0.0447 (8)	0.0256 (7)	0.000	0.0077 (5)	0.000
I9	0.0329 (8)	0.0422 (8)	0.0400 (8)	0.000	0.0116 (6)	0.000

Geometric parameters (Å, º)

Pd1—S1	2.299 (4)	Pd2—S30	2.309 (13)
Pd1—S4	2.316 (4)	Pd2—I3^i	2.799 (5)
Pd1—S7	2.306 (4)	S21—C32	1.82 (3)
Pd1—S10	2.304 (4)	S21—C22	1.83 (2)
Pd1—I1	3.194 (2)	C22—C23	1.540 (10)
S1—C12	1.821 (18)	C22—H22A	0.9900
S1—C2	1.830 (15)	C22—H22B	0.9900
C2—C3	1.536 (9)	C23—S24	1.83 (3)
C2—H2A	0.9900	C23—H23A	0.9900
C2—H2B	0.9900	C23—H23B	0.9900
C3—S4	1.831 (17)	S24—C25	1.82 (2)
C3—H3A	0.9900	C25—C26	1.539 (9)
C3—H3B	0.9900	C25—H25A	0.9900
S4—C5	1.822 (15)	C25—H25B	0.9900
C5—C6	1.536 (9)	C26—S27	1.79 (2)
C5—H5A	0.9900	C26—H26A	0.9900
C5—H5B	0.9900	C26—H26B	0.9900
C6—S7	1.798 (16)	S27—C28	1.81 (2)
C6—H6A	0.9900	C28—C29	1.540 (10)
C6—H6B	0.9900	C28—H28A	0.9900
S7—C8	1.805 (14)	C28—H28B	0.9900
C8—C9	1.537 (9)	C29—S30	1.83 (2)
C8—H8A	0.9900	C29—H29A	0.9900
C8—H8B	0.9900	C29—H29B	0.9900
C9—S10	1.835 (15)	S30—C31	1.83 (2)
C9—H9A	0.9900	C31—C32	1.540 (9)
C9—H9B	0.9900	C31—H31A	0.9900
S10—C11	1.826 (15)	C31—H31B	0.9900
C11—C12	1.541 (9)	C32—H32A	0.9900
C11—H11A	0.9900	C32—H32B	0.9900
C11—H11B	0.9900	I1—I2	2.884 (3)
C12—H12A	0.9900	I2—I3	2.986 (3)
C12—H12B	0.9900	I4—I5	2.930 (3)
Pd2—S21	2.305 (13)	I5—I6	2.916 (3)
Pd2—S24	2.300 (13)	I7—I8	2.910 (3)
Pd2—S27	2.305 (13)	I8—I9	2.933 (3)
S1—Pd1—S4	88.24 (14)	S21—Pd2—S24	87.3 (6)
S1—Pd1—S7	160.91 (14)	S21—Pd2—S27	160.1 (7)
S1—Pd1—S10	87.90 (14)	S21—Pd2—S30	89.1 (5)
S1—Pd1—I1	99.64 (10)	S21—Pd2—I3^i	96.8 (5)
S4—Pd1—S7	88.56 (14)	S24—Pd2—S27	88.6 (6)
S4—Pd1—S10	158.80 (15)	S24—Pd2—S30	159.3 (7)
S4—Pd1—I1	115.66 (11)	S24—Pd2—I3^i	102.5 (5)
S7—Pd1—S10	88.30 (15)	S27—Pd2—S30	87.9 (6)
S7—Pd1—I1	98.71 (11)	S27—Pd2—I3^i	103.1 (5)
S10—Pd1—I1	85.54 (11)	S30—Pd2—I3^i	98.2 (5)
Pd1—I1—I2	111.69 (5)	Pd2^ii—I3—I2	94.80 (11)
I1—I2—I3	177.72 (4)	C32—S21—C22	101 (2)
C12—S1—C2	101.6 (9)	C32—S21—Pd2	101.0 (10)
C12—S1—Pd1	102.2 (5)	C22—S21—Pd2	93.5 (13)
C2—S1—Pd1	94.3 (5)	C23—C22—S21	105 (2)
C3—C2—S1	107.2 (11)	C23—C22—H22A	110.8
C3—C2—H2A	110.3	S21—C22—H22A	110.8
S1—C2—H2A	110.3	C23—C22—H22B	110.8
C3—C2—H2B	110.3	S21—C22—H22B	110.8
S1—C2—H2B	110.3	H22A—C22—H22B	108.8
H2A—C2—H2B	108.5	C22—C23—S24	112.1 (19)
C2—C3—S4	113.5 (9)	C22—C23—H23A	109.2
C2—C3—H3A	108.9	S24—C23—H23A	109.2
S4—C3—H3A	108.9	C22—C23—H23B	109.2
C2—C3—H3B	108.9	S24—C23—H23B	109.2
S4—C3—H3B	108.9	H23A—C23—H23B	107.9
H3A—C3—H3B	107.7	C25—S24—C23	101 (2)
C5—S4—C3	101.8 (8)	C25—S24—Pd2	94.1 (14)
C5—S4—Pd1	92.6 (5)	C23—S24—Pd2	101.3 (10)
C3—S4—Pd1	100.8 (4)	C26—C25—S24	108 (2)
C6—C5—S4	107.9 (11)	C26—C25—H25A	110.2
C6—C5—H5A	110.1	S24—C25—H25A	110.2
S4—C5—H5A	110.1	C26—C25—H25B	110.2
C6—C5—H5B	110.1	S24—C25—H25B	110.2
S4—C5—H5B	110.1	H25A—C25—H25B	108.5
H5A—C5—H5B	108.4	C25—C26—S27	113.4 (19)
C5—C6—S7	112.5 (10)	C25—C26—H26A	108.9
C5—C6—H6A	109.1	S27—C26—H26A	108.9
S7—C6—H6A	109.1	C25—C26—H26B	108.9
C5—C6—H6B	109.1	S27—C26—H26B	108.9
S7—C6—H6B	109.1	H26A—C26—H26B	107.7
H6A—C6—H6B	107.8	C26—S27—C28	101 (2)
C6—S7—C8	101.2 (8)	C26—S27—Pd2	101.3 (11)
C6—S7—Pd1	101.2 (4)	C28—S27—Pd2	94.7 (14)
C8—S7—Pd1	94.9 (5)	C29—C28—S27	107 (2)
C9—C8—S7	109.2 (11)	C29—C28—H28A	110.2
C9—C8—H8A	109.8	S27—C28—H28A	110.2
S7—C8—H8A	109.8	C29—C28—H28B	109.2
C9—C8—H8B	109.8	S27—C28—H28B	110.2
S7—C8—H8B	109.8	H28A—C28—H28B	108.5
H8A—C8—H8B	108.3	C28—C29—S30	112 (2)
C8—C9—S10	112.5 (10)	C28—C29—H29A	109.2
C8—C9—H9A	109.1	S30—C29—H29A	109.2
S10—C9—H9A	109.1	C28—C29—H29B	109.2
C8—C9—H9B	109.1	S30—C29—H29B	108.0
S10—C9—H9B	109.1	H29A—C29—H29B	107.9
H9A—C9—H9B	107.8	C31—S30—C29	104 (2)
C11—S10—C9	103.2 (7)	C31—S30—Pd2	95.0 (13)
C11—S10—Pd1	95.7 (5)	C29—S30—Pd2	101.5 (11)
C9—S10—Pd1	101.7 (4)	C32—C31—S30	107 (2)
C12—C11—S10	106.5 (12)	C32—C31—H31A	110.3
C12—C11—H11A	110.4	S30—C31—H31A	110.3
S10—C11—H11A	110.4	C32—C31—H31B	110.3
C12—C11—H11B	110.4	S30—C31—H31B	110.3
S10—C11—H11B	110.4	H31A—C31—H31B	108.6
H11A—C11—H11B	108.6	C31—C32—S21	113.4 (19)
C11—C12—S1	112.7 (10)	C31—C32—H32A	108.9
C11—C12—H12A	109.0	S21—C32—H32A	108.9
S1—C12—H12A	109.0	C31—C32—H32B	108.9
C11—C12—H12B	109.0	S21—C32—H32B	108.9
S1—C12—H12B	109.0	H32A—C32—H32B	107.7
H12A—C12—H12B	107.8
S1—C2—C3—S4	54.3 (14)	S21—C22—C23—S24	−57 (4)
C2—C3—S4—C5	78.9 (14)	C22—C23—S24—C25	−79 (4)
C3—S4—C5—C6	−164.5 (10)	C23—S24—C25—C26	163 (3)
S4—C5—C6—S7	57.5 (14)	S24—C25—C26—S27	−56 (4)
C5—C6—S7—C8	79.0 (14)	C25—C26—S27—C28	−79 (4)
C6—S7—C8—C9	−163.0 (10)	C26—S27—C28—C29	165 (3)
S7—C8—C9—S10	52.7 (14)	S27—C28—C29—S30	−56 (4)
C8—C9—S10—C11	83.7 (13)	C28—C29—S30—C31	−81 (4)
C9—S10—C11—C12	−164.5 (9)	C29—S30—C31—C32	163 (3)
S10—C11—C12—S1	55.7 (16)	S30—C31—C32—S21	−57 (4)
C2—S1—C12—C11	77.4 (16)	C22—S21—C32—C31	−75 (4)

Symmetry codes: (i) x, y, z+1; (ii) x, y, z−1.

(5)

Crystal data

C10H20PdS4^2+·2(I5^−)·C2H3N	V = 1737.0 (10) Å^3
Mr = 1685.01	Z = 2
Triclinic, P1	F(000) = 1484
a = 9.336 (4) Å	Dx = 3.222 Mg m^−3
b = 11.504 (4) Å	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
c = 16.431 (3) Å	µ = 9.67 mm^−1
α = 85.49 (3)°	T = 150 K
β = 81.20 (3)°	Block, black
γ = 86.93 (3)°	0.35 × 0.18 × 0.16 mm

Data collection

Stoe Stadi-4 four-circle diffractometer	5548 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube	Rint = 0.015
Graphite monochromator	θmax = 25.1°, θmin = 2.5°
ω–θ, profile learning scans	h = −10→11
Absorption correction: integration (X-RED; Stoe & Cie, 1996b)	k = −13→13
Tmin = 0.134, Tmax = 0.213	l = 0→19
6104 measured reflections	3 standard reflections every 60 min
6084 independent reflections	intensity decay: none

Refinement

Refinement on F^2	Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: full	Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F^2 > 2σ(F^2)] = 0.036	Hydrogen site location: solvent methyl H atoms from delta-F; others placed geometrically
wR(F^2) = 0.083	Rigid rotating group; riding model
S = 1.29	w = 1/[σ^2(Fo^2) + 40.7P] where P = (Fo^2 + 2Fc^2)/3
6084 reflections	(Δ/σ)max = 0.002
254 parameters	Δρmax = 0.99 e Å^−3
0 restraints	Δρmin = −0.98 e Å^−3

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Ų)

	x	y	z	Uiso*/Ueq
Pd	0.53923 (8)	0.73776 (6)	0.18586 (5)	0.0160 (2)
S1	0.4255 (3)	0.8911 (2)	0.25754 (16)	0.0191 (7)
S4	0.6501 (3)	0.8712 (2)	0.08861 (16)	0.0186 (7)
S8	0.6503 (3)	0.5784 (2)	0.12328 (16)	0.0186 (7)
S11	0.4285 (3)	0.6126 (2)	0.29112 (16)	0.0193 (7)
C2	0.5090 (11)	1.0181 (8)	0.1994 (7)	0.022 (3)
C3	0.6612 (11)	0.9881 (9)	0.1567 (7)	0.023 (3)
C5	0.8406 (11)	0.8261 (10)	0.0653 (7)	0.024 (3)
C6	0.8657 (12)	0.7093 (9)	0.0265 (7)	0.024 (3)
C7	0.8409 (11)	0.6039 (9)	0.0901 (7)	0.025 (3)
C9	0.6654 (11)	0.4824 (9)	0.2165 (6)	0.022 (3)
C10	0.5158 (12)	0.4719 (9)	0.2672 (7)	0.025 (3)
C12	0.5207 (11)	0.6506 (9)	0.3755 (7)	0.022 (3)
C13	0.4707 (12)	0.7712 (9)	0.4046 (7)	0.025 (3)
C14	0.5201 (11)	0.8752 (9)	0.3477 (7)	0.024 (3)
N1S	−0.1513 (11)	0.7356 (10)	0.2710 (7)	0.039 (4)
C1S	0.0554 (14)	0.7656 (15)	0.3555 (10)	0.052 (5)
C2S	−0.0611 (12)	0.7486 (10)	0.3076 (7)	0.028 (4)
H2A	0.51340	1.08000	0.23740	0.0250*
H2B	0.44830	1.04870	0.15750	0.0250*
H3A	0.70270	1.05780	0.12410	0.0270*
H3B	0.72480	0.96210	0.19830	0.0270*
H5A	0.88380	0.82070	0.11700	0.0290*
H5B	0.89140	0.88670	0.02720	0.0290*
H6A	0.79950	0.70620	−0.01490	0.0290*
H6B	0.96650	0.70370	−0.00280	0.0290*
H7A	0.88880	0.53320	0.06560	0.0290*
H7B	0.88670	0.61730	0.13890	0.0290*
H9A	0.73190	0.51520	0.24940	0.0260*
H9B	0.70510	0.40430	0.20100	0.0260*
H10A	0.45390	0.43020	0.23630	0.0300*
H10B	0.52450	0.42480	0.31940	0.0300*
H12A	0.62660	0.64920	0.35670	0.0260*
H12B	0.50130	0.59140	0.42240	0.0260*
H13A	0.50450	0.77840	0.45820	0.0290*
H13B	0.36330	0.77510	0.41490	0.0290*
H14A	0.50190	0.94670	0.37820	0.0280*
H14B	0.62590	0.86610	0.32920	0.0280*
H1S1	0.13170	0.70430	0.34500	0.0780*
H1S2	0.09620	0.84210	0.33900	0.0780*
H1S3	0.01630	0.76160	0.41450	0.0780*
I1	0.06469 (8)	1.04621 (7)	0.17505 (5)	0.0306 (2)
I2	0.22854 (7)	0.88923 (6)	0.07370 (4)	0.0224 (2)
I3	0.40864 (8)	0.70756 (6)	−0.04059 (4)	0.0250 (2)
I4	0.24710 (7)	0.54170 (6)	0.10062 (4)	0.0223 (2)
I5	0.10038 (9)	0.39771 (8)	0.22660 (5)	0.0385 (3)
I6	0.78317 (9)	−0.14987 (7)	0.61668 (5)	0.0343 (3)
I7	0.77747 (8)	0.00203 (6)	0.47333 (5)	0.0269 (2)
I8	0.76817 (9)	0.17339 (6)	0.32093 (5)	0.0299 (2)
I9	0.21478 (7)	0.60837 (6)	0.56879 (4)	0.0244 (2)
I10	0.21671 (8)	0.41772 (7)	0.47606 (4)	0.0282 (2)

Atomic displacement parameters (Ų)

	U^11	U^22	U^33	U^12	U^13	U^23
Pd	0.0134 (4)	0.0150 (4)	0.0194 (4)	−0.0017 (3)	−0.0024 (3)	0.0003 (3)
S1	0.0157 (12)	0.0163 (12)	0.0248 (13)	−0.0002 (10)	−0.0019 (10)	−0.0014 (10)
S4	0.0164 (12)	0.0183 (12)	0.0203 (13)	−0.0021 (10)	−0.0016 (10)	0.0017 (10)
S8	0.0177 (12)	0.0184 (12)	0.0202 (13)	−0.0023 (10)	−0.0042 (10)	−0.0007 (10)
S11	0.0162 (12)	0.0197 (13)	0.0214 (13)	−0.0043 (10)	−0.0007 (10)	0.0004 (10)
C2	0.027 (6)	0.009 (5)	0.029 (6)	0.002 (4)	−0.004 (5)	−0.006 (4)
C3	0.021 (5)	0.023 (5)	0.024 (6)	−0.010 (4)	−0.001 (4)	0.006 (4)
C5	0.009 (5)	0.030 (6)	0.030 (6)	0.001 (4)	0.004 (4)	0.000 (5)
C6	0.018 (5)	0.029 (6)	0.022 (6)	0.001 (4)	0.005 (4)	0.002 (5)
C7	0.017 (5)	0.026 (6)	0.030 (6)	0.005 (4)	−0.004 (5)	−0.001 (5)
C9	0.021 (5)	0.021 (5)	0.022 (5)	0.002 (4)	−0.005 (4)	0.005 (4)
C10	0.020 (6)	0.025 (6)	0.031 (6)	−0.004 (4)	−0.003 (5)	−0.004 (5)
C12	0.020 (5)	0.020 (5)	0.026 (6)	−0.004 (4)	−0.005 (4)	−0.001 (4)
C13	0.030 (6)	0.020 (5)	0.022 (6)	0.002 (5)	0.000 (5)	−0.001 (4)
C14	0.020 (5)	0.025 (6)	0.026 (6)	−0.001 (4)	−0.002 (4)	0.000 (5)
N1S	0.027 (6)	0.051 (7)	0.034 (6)	−0.004 (5)	0.007 (5)	−0.003 (5)
C1S	0.024 (7)	0.073 (11)	0.061 (10)	−0.007 (7)	−0.011 (7)	0.003 (8)
C2S	0.021 (6)	0.029 (6)	0.035 (7)	−0.007 (5)	−0.006 (5)	0.002 (5)
I1	0.0309 (4)	0.0278 (4)	0.0347 (4)	0.0035 (3)	−0.0076 (3)	−0.0107 (3)
I2	0.0193 (3)	0.0216 (3)	0.0265 (4)	−0.0022 (3)	−0.0050 (3)	0.0010 (3)
I3	0.0292 (4)	0.0198 (3)	0.0244 (4)	0.0010 (3)	0.0004 (3)	−0.0016 (3)
I4	0.0199 (3)	0.0219 (3)	0.0253 (4)	−0.0001 (3)	−0.0043 (3)	−0.0022 (3)
I5	0.0333 (4)	0.0412 (5)	0.0377 (5)	−0.0064 (4)	−0.0016 (4)	0.0138 (4)
I6	0.0437 (5)	0.0299 (4)	0.0299 (4)	0.0031 (3)	−0.0077 (3)	−0.0048 (3)
I7	0.0261 (4)	0.0257 (4)	0.0301 (4)	0.0011 (3)	−0.0051 (3)	−0.0084 (3)
I8	0.0367 (4)	0.0248 (4)	0.0294 (4)	0.0006 (3)	−0.0073 (3)	−0.0056 (3)
I9	0.0211 (3)	0.0295 (4)	0.0218 (4)	−0.0019 (3)	−0.0023 (3)	0.0022 (3)
I10	0.0258 (4)	0.0352 (4)	0.0244 (4)	−0.0061 (3)	−0.0043 (3)	−0.0029 (3)

Geometric parameters (Å, º)

Pd—S1	2.317 (3)	C6—H6A	0.9900
Pd—S4	2.293 (3)	C7—H7A	0.9900
Pd—S8	2.294 (3)	C7—H7B	0.9900
Pd—S11	2.314 (3)	C9—H9A	0.9900
S1—C2	1.825 (10)	C9—H9B	0.9900
S1—C14	1.830 (11)	C10—H10B	0.9900
S4—C3	1.833 (11)	C10—H10A	0.9900
S4—C5	1.817 (11)	C12—H12B	0.9900
S8—C7	1.812 (11)	C12—H12A	0.9900
S8—C9	1.836 (10)	C13—H13B	0.9900
S11—C10	1.816 (11)	C13—H13A	0.9900
S11—C12	1.832 (11)	C14—H14A	0.9900
N1S—C2S	1.130 (16)	C14—H14B	0.9900
C2—C3	1.520 (15)	C1S—C2S	1.466 (18)
C5—C6	1.524 (16)	C1S—H1S1	0.9800
C6—C7	1.540 (15)	C1S—H1S2	0.9800
C9—C10	1.518 (15)	C1S—H1S3	0.9800
C12—C13	1.529 (15)	I1—I2	2.7878 (16)
C13—C14	1.507 (15)	I2—I3	3.1617 (17)
C2—H2A	0.9900	I3—I4	3.1369 (16)
C2—H2B	0.9900	I4—I5	2.7823 (16)
C3—H3B	0.9900	I6—I7	2.8258 (16)
C3—H3A	0.9900	I7—I8	3.0718 (17)
C5—H5A	0.9900	I8—I9^i	3.2340 (17)
C5—H5B	0.9900	I9—I10	2.7650 (16)
C6—H6B	0.9900
S4—Pd—S11	175.84 (10)	C5—C6—H6A	109.00
S8—Pd—S11	88.76 (10)	H6A—C6—H6B	108.00
S1—Pd—S11	87.67 (10)	H7A—C7—H7B	108.00
S1—Pd—S4	88.88 (10)	S8—C7—H7B	109.00
S1—Pd—S8	176.10 (10)	C6—C7—H7B	109.00
S4—Pd—S8	94.63 (10)	S8—C7—H7A	109.00
Pd—S1—C2	102.5 (3)	C6—C7—H7A	109.00
Pd—S1—C14	99.3 (3)	S8—C9—H9A	110.00
C2—S1—C14	102.1 (5)	H9A—C9—H9B	108.00
C3—S4—C5	100.5 (5)	C10—C9—H9B	110.00
Pd—S4—C3	98.0 (4)	S8—C9—H9B	110.00
Pd—S4—C5	108.1 (4)	C10—C9—H9A	110.00
Pd—S8—C9	98.3 (3)	S11—C10—H10B	109.00
C7—S8—C9	99.1 (5)	C9—C10—H10A	109.00
Pd—S8—C7	109.7 (4)	C9—C10—H10B	109.00
Pd—S11—C10	102.9 (4)	H10A—C10—H10B	108.00
Pd—S11—C12	99.5 (4)	S11—C10—H10A	109.00
C10—S11—C12	101.7 (5)	H12A—C12—H12B	108.00
S1—C2—C3	111.7 (7)	S11—C12—H12B	109.00
S4—C3—C2	108.3 (7)	C13—C12—H12A	109.00
S4—C5—C6	113.5 (8)	S11—C12—H12A	109.00
C5—C6—C7	113.1 (9)	C13—C12—H12B	109.00
S8—C7—C6	112.7 (7)	C12—C13—H13A	108.00
S8—C9—C10	108.8 (7)	C12—C13—H13B	108.00
S11—C10—C9	112.8 (7)	H13A—C13—H13B	107.00
S11—C12—C13	112.1 (7)	C14—C13—H13A	108.00
C12—C13—C14	117.0 (9)	C14—C13—H13B	108.00
S1—C14—C13	111.6 (7)	S1—C14—H14B	109.00
S1—C2—H2B	109.00	C13—C14—H14A	109.00
C3—C2—H2A	109.00	C13—C14—H14B	109.00
C3—C2—H2B	109.00	H14A—C14—H14B	108.00
S1—C2—H2A	109.00	S1—C14—H14A	109.00
H2A—C2—H2B	108.00	N1S—C2S—C1S	179.7 (16)
H3A—C3—H3B	108.00	H1S1—C1S—H1S3	109.00
S4—C3—H3B	110.00	H1S2—C1S—H1S3	110.00
C2—C3—H3B	110.00	H1S1—C1S—H1S2	109.00
S4—C3—H3A	110.00	C2S—C1S—H1S1	109.00
C2—C3—H3A	110.00	C2S—C1S—H1S2	109.00
S4—C5—H5A	109.00	C2S—C1S—H1S3	109.00
H5A—C5—H5B	108.00	I1—I2—I3	178.76 (4)
S4—C5—H5B	109.00	I2—I3—I4	78.50 (4)
C6—C5—H5A	109.00	I3—I4—I5	179.01 (5)
C6—C5—H5B	109.00	I6—I7—I8	178.22 (5)
C5—C6—H6B	109.00	I7—I8—I9^i	90.60 (5)
C7—C6—H6A	109.00	I8^i—I9—I10	176.61 (5)
C7—C6—H6B	109.00
C14—S1—C2—C3	74.8 (8)	C10—S11—C12—C13	177.2 (8)
C2—S1—C14—C13	−178.4 (7)	S1—C2—C3—S4	57.8 (9)
C5—S4—C3—C2	−166.7 (7)	S4—C5—C6—C7	−79.3 (10)
C3—S4—C5—C6	165.7 (8)	C5—C6—C7—S8	77.3 (10)
C9—S8—C7—C6	−163.6 (8)	S8—C9—C10—S11	−54.8 (9)
C7—S8—C9—C10	166.5 (7)	S11—C12—C13—C14	−71.9 (11)
C12—S11—C10—C9	−77.9 (8)	C12—C13—C14—S1	72.6 (11)

Symmetry code: (i) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1.

 

Footnotes

¹Supplementary data for this paper are available from the IUCr electronic archives (Reference: GP5013 ). Services for accessing these data are described at the back of the journal.