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A liquid-droplet injector has been developed that delivers pristine microcrystals to an X-ray irradiation area for conducting serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) with an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL). By finely tuning the pulsed liquid droplets in time and space, a high hit rate of the XFEL pulses to microcrystals in the droplets was achieved for measurements using 5 µm tetragonal lysozyme crystals, which produced 4265 indexable diffraction images in about 30 min. The structure was determined at a resolution of 2.3 Å from <0.3 mg of protein. With further improvements such as reduction of the droplet size, liquid droplets have considerable potential as a crystal carrier for SFX with low sample consumption.

Supporting information

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Portable Document Format (PDF) file https://doi.org/10.1107/S2059798316001480/gi5004sup1.pdf
The supporting information provides experimental details.

PDB reference: XFEL structure of hen egg-white lysozyme solved using a droplet injector at SACLA, 5dm9


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