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Attempts to observe refraction or diffraction of X-rays were unsuccessful until the discovery of X-ray diffraction in 1912 by Friedrich, Knipping and Laue. The index of refraction of matter for X-rays and the specific optical properties of X-rays when they are Bragg-diffracted by a perfect crystal, such as total reflection, anomalous absorption, Pendellösung and double refraction, are best understood using the dynamical theory of diffraction.
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