Towards accurate structural characterization of metal centres in protein crystals: the structures of Ni and Cu T₆ bovine insulin derivatives

The level of structural detail around the metal sites in Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺ T₆ insulin derivatives was significantly improved by using a combination of single-crystal X-ray crystallography and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Photoreduction and subsequent radiation damage of the Cu²⁺ sites in Cu insulin was followed by XANES spectroscopy.

Analysis of an industrial production suspension of Bacillus lentus subtilisin crystals by powder diffraction: a powerful quality-control tool

A combination of powder diffraction and macromolecular crystallography demonstrated the presence of at least three different crystal forms of B. lentus subtilisin in a suspension from a large-scale industrial production. The application of powder diffraction is a powerful tool for quality control in enzyme production.