Structural and microstructural characterization of human kidney stones from eastern India using IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermal study and X-ray Rietveld analysis

Structural and microstructural studies of eight human urinary calculi from eastern India using IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric differential scanning calorimetry have been carried out. Quantitative X-ray diffraction phase analysis using the Rietveld method indicated exclusively calcium oxalate monohydrate in three kidney stones, while the remaining five were mixtures of calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dehydrate and hydroxyapatite.