Use of knowledge-based restraints in phenix.refine to improve macromolecular refinement at low resolution

J. J. Headd, N. Echols, P. V. Afonine, R. W. Grosse-Kunstleve, V. B. Chen, N. W. Moriarty, D. C. Richardson, J. S. Richardson and P. D. Adams

Recent developments in PHENIX are reported that allow the use of reference-model torsion restraints, secondary-structure hydrogen-bond restraints and Ramachandran restraints for improved macromolecular refinement in phenix.refine at low resolution.

Keywords: macromolecular crystallography; low resolution; refinement; automation.

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