organic compounds\(\def\hfill{\hskip 5em}\def\hfil{\hskip 3em}\def\eqno#1{\hfil {#1}}\)

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ISSN: 2056-9890

2-Bromo­maleic acid

aInorganic Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
*Correspondence e-mail: afischer@kth.se

(Received 15 May 2009; accepted 24 July 2009; online 26 August 2009)

The title compound, C4H3BrO4, was obtained from a solution of meso-2,3-dibromo­succinic acid and vanadium(IV) oxide. The crystals are isostructural with chloro­maleic acid and the mol­ecule has two geometrically different carboxyl groups, one of which has delocalized C—O bonds and is essentially coplanar with the olefinic bond plane [give dihedral angle 15.08 (16)°], whereas the other has a localized C=O bond and forms a dihedral angle of 99.6 (3)° with the C=C bond plane. Two symmetry-independent O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into layers parallel to the bc plane.

Related literature

For the structure of chloro­maleic acid, see: Wong et al. (2006[Wong, A., Pike, K. J., Jenkins, R., Clarkson, G. J., Anupõld, T., Howes, A. P., Crout, D. H. G., Samoson, A., Dupree, R. & Smith, M. E. (2006). J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 1824-1835.]). For the synthesis and structure of 2-bromo­fumaric acid, see: Fischer (2006[Fischer, A. (2006). Acta Cryst. E62, o4190-o4191.]). For the structure and polymorphism of maleic acid, see: Day et al. (2006[Day, G. M., Trask, A. V., Motherwell, W. D. S. & Jones, W. (2006). Chem. Commun. pp. 54-56.]). For the structure of 2-methyl­maleic acid, see: Batchelor & Jones (1998[Batchelor, E. & Jones, W. (1998). Acta Cryst. C54, 238-240.]).

[Scheme 1]

Experimental

Crystal data
  • C4H3BrO4

  • Mr = 194.97

  • Monoclinic, P 21 /c

  • a = 7.5074 (12) Å

  • b = 4.9272 (6) Å

  • c = 16.966 (4) Å

  • β = 94.213 (12)°

  • V = 625.9 (2) Å3

  • Z = 4

  • Mo Kα radiation

  • μ = 6.50 mm−1

  • T = 299 K

  • 0.15 × 0.13 × 0.10 mm

Data collection
  • Bruker–Nonius KappaCCD diffractometer

  • Absorption correction: numerical HABITUS (Herrendorf & Bärnighausen, 1997[Herrendorf, W. & Bärnighausen, H. (1997). HABITUS. University of Karlsruhe, Germany.]) Tmin = 0.325, Tmax = 0.455

  • 8638 measured reflections

  • 1420 independent reflections

  • 1046 reflections with I > 2σ(I)

  • Rint = 0.064

Refinement
  • R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.042

  • wR(F2) = 0.075

  • S = 1.16

  • 1420 reflections

  • 84 parameters

  • H-atom parameters constrained

  • Δρmax = 0.63 e Å−3

  • Δρmin = −0.43 e Å−3

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯A D—H H⋯A DA D—H⋯A
O3—H3⋯O4i 0.82 1.80 2.617 (4) 171
O2—H2⋯O1ii 0.82 1.86 2.681 (4) 176
Symmetry codes: (i) -x+2, -y-1, -z+1; (ii) [-x+2, y+{\script{1\over 2}}, -z+{\script{3\over 2}}].

Data collection: COLLECT (Nonius, 1999[Nonius (1999). COLLECT. Nonius BV, Delft, The Netherlands.]); cell refinement: DIRAX (Duisenberg, 1992[Duisenberg, A. J. M. (1992). J. Appl. Cryst. 25, 92-96.]); data reduction: EVALCCD (Duisenberg et al., 2003[Duisenberg, A. J. M., Kroon-Batenburg, L. M. J. & Schreurs, A. M. M. (2003). J. Appl. Cryst. 36, 220-229.]); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); molecular graphics: DIAMOND (Brandenburg, 1999[Brandenburg, K. (1999). DIAMOND. Crystal Impact GbR, Bonn, Germany.]); software used to prepare material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2009[Westrip, S. P. (2009). publCIF. In preparation.]).

Supporting information


Comment top

During the ongoing investigation of the bromo-substituted dicarboxylic acids with four carbon atoms, our group tried to prepare and characterize pure acids as well as their metal salts. One of these syntheses involved the reaction of vanadium(IV) oxide with meso-dibromosuccinic acid. It had been shown earlier (Fischer, 2006), that hydrogen bromide can easily be eliminated from racemic 2,3-dibromosuccinic acid, yielding 2-bromofumaric acid. Elimination of hydrogen bromide from meso-2,3-dibromosuccinic acid does not occur as easily. However in the presence of strong bases and at elevated temperature, elimination is observed; it yields 2-bromomaleic acid, whose structure is described here.

While most of bond lengths and angles in the molecule of 2-bromomaleic acid (Fig. 1) are close to those found in 2-bromofumaric acid (Fischer, 2006) and unsubstituted maleic acid (Day et al., 2006), the title compound, in contrast to the aforementioned molecules, is essentially non-planar. In fact, two carboxylic groups in 2-bromomaleic acid form dihedral angle of 77.6 (3)° with each other and only one of them (O3–C4–O4) is almost coplanar with the C2=C3 double bond plane, whereas the second one (O1–C1–O2) forms with the latter plane dihedral angle of 99.6 (3)° The carboxylic group, which is almost coplanar with the olefinic bond, shows much higher degree of delocalization (C4–O3 1.269 (4) and C4–O4 1.254 (5) Å), than the second carboxylic group, bonded to the bromo-substituted carbon atom (C1–O1 1.197 (4) and C1–O2 1.299 (5) °). It is noteworthy that similar geometrical peculiarities were observed in other known structures of monosubstituted maleic acid derivatives, namely in 2-chloromaleic acid (Wong et al., 2006), isostructural with the title compound, and 2-methylmaleic acid (Batchelor & Jones, 1998).

There are two symmetry independent O—H..O bonds (Table 1), one of which involves delocalized carboxyl group and is responsible for formation of dimeric centrosymmetric motives traditional to carboxylic acid crystal structures. Another H-bond involves non-symmetric carboxylic group and further links dimeric aggregates into layers parallel to the bc-plane (Fig. 2).

Related literature top

For the structure of chloromaleic acid, see: Wong et al. (2006). For the synthesis and structure of 2-bromofumaric acid, see: Fischer (2006). For the structure and polymorphism of maleic acid, see: Day et al. (2006). For the structure of 2-methylmaleic acid, see: Batchelor & Jones (1998).

Experimental top

89 mg of VO2 (AlfaAesar, 99%), was added to a solution of 270 mg of meso-dibromosuccinic acid (Sigma Aldrich, 98%) in 4.2 ml of demineralized water. Upon heating to 90°C, vanadium oxide got dissolved, yielding a dark-blue solution, which was put aside for evaporation. Within a week, colourless crystals of the title compound were obtained.

Refinement top

H atoms could be located in the Fourier map, however, their isotropic refinement did not yield satisfactory X–H distances. Therefore, H atoms were placed at calculated positions with d(C–H)=0.93 Å, d(O–H)=0.82 Å and included in the subsequent refinement in riding motion approximation with Uiso=1.2Ueq of the carrier atom (1.5 Ueq for hydroxyl H atoms).

Computing details top

Data collection: COLLECT (Nonius, 1999); cell refinement: DIRAX (Duisenberg, 1992); data reduction: EVALCCD (Duisenberg et al., 2003); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: DIAMOND (Brandenburg, 1999); software used to prepare material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2009).

Figures top
[Figure 1] Fig. 1. Molecular structure of the title compound. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level; H atoms are drawn as small circles of arbitrary radius.
[Figure 2] Fig. 2. Crystal packing of the title compound viewed down the a axis. Hydrogen bonds are drawn as dashed lines.
2-Bromomaleic acid top
Crystal data top
C4H3BrO4F(000) = 376
Mr = 194.97Dx = 2.069 Mg m3
Monoclinic, P21/cMo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
Hall symbol: -P 2ybcCell parameters from 28 reflections
a = 7.5074 (12) Åθ = 5.6–19.2°
b = 4.9272 (6) ŵ = 6.50 mm1
c = 16.966 (4) ÅT = 299 K
β = 94.213 (12)°Block, colourless
V = 625.9 (2) Å30.15 × 0.13 × 0.10 mm
Z = 4
Data collection top
Bruker–Nonius KappaCCD
diffractometer
1046 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tubeRint = 0.064
ϕ and ω scansθmax = 27.5°, θmin = 4.7°
Absorption correction: numerical
HABITUS (Herrendorf & Bärnighausen, 1997)
h = 99
Tmin = 0.325, Tmax = 0.455k = 66
8638 measured reflectionsl = 1722
1420 independent reflections
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: fullSecondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.042H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F2) = 0.075 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0113P)2 + 1.1107P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
S = 1.16(Δ/σ)max = 0.001
1420 reflectionsΔρmax = 0.63 e Å3
84 parametersΔρmin = 0.43 e Å3
0 restraints
Crystal data top
C4H3BrO4V = 625.9 (2) Å3
Mr = 194.97Z = 4
Monoclinic, P21/cMo Kα radiation
a = 7.5074 (12) ŵ = 6.50 mm1
b = 4.9272 (6) ÅT = 299 K
c = 16.966 (4) Å0.15 × 0.13 × 0.10 mm
β = 94.213 (12)°
Data collection top
Bruker–Nonius KappaCCD
diffractometer
1420 independent reflections
Absorption correction: numerical
HABITUS (Herrendorf & Bärnighausen, 1997)
1046 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Tmin = 0.325, Tmax = 0.455Rint = 0.064
8638 measured reflections
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.0420 restraints
wR(F2) = 0.075H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.16Δρmax = 0.63 e Å3
1420 reflectionsΔρmin = 0.43 e Å3
84 parameters
Special details top

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
C10.7961 (5)0.0222 (7)0.6839 (2)0.0317 (8)
C20.6344 (4)0.0621 (8)0.6312 (2)0.0330 (8)
C30.6332 (5)0.2221 (8)0.5700 (2)0.0369 (9)
C40.7955 (5)0.3400 (8)0.5399 (2)0.0369 (9)
Br10.42183 (5)0.08537 (10)0.66527 (3)0.05260 (18)
O10.8584 (3)0.1231 (6)0.73530 (16)0.0440 (7)
O20.8501 (4)0.2664 (6)0.66922 (17)0.0493 (8)
O30.9456 (3)0.2426 (6)0.56482 (17)0.0466 (7)
O40.7746 (4)0.5294 (6)0.49066 (17)0.0482 (8)
H3A0.52360.26460.54390.044*
H20.93570.30490.70000.074*
H31.02560.32580.54490.070*
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
C10.0278 (18)0.031 (2)0.036 (2)0.0046 (15)0.0024 (15)0.0024 (17)
C20.0275 (17)0.031 (2)0.039 (2)0.0043 (15)0.0055 (14)0.0019 (19)
C30.0288 (19)0.035 (2)0.045 (2)0.0016 (16)0.0066 (16)0.003 (2)
C40.0306 (19)0.040 (2)0.039 (2)0.0025 (16)0.0063 (16)0.0006 (19)
Br10.0335 (2)0.0616 (3)0.0615 (3)0.0137 (2)0.00437 (17)0.0122 (3)
O10.0380 (14)0.0415 (17)0.0498 (17)0.0045 (12)0.0160 (12)0.0119 (14)
O20.0504 (17)0.0353 (17)0.0578 (19)0.0113 (13)0.0256 (14)0.0076 (15)
O30.0332 (14)0.0487 (18)0.0578 (19)0.0067 (13)0.0038 (13)0.0141 (16)
O40.0408 (15)0.055 (2)0.0476 (17)0.0022 (13)0.0058 (12)0.0205 (15)
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
C1—O11.197 (4)C4—O41.254 (5)
C1—O21.299 (5)C4—O31.269 (4)
C1—C21.512 (5)C3—H3A0.9300
C2—C31.302 (5)O2—H20.8200
C2—Br11.883 (4)O3—H30.8200
C3—C41.475 (5)
O1—C1—O2125.6 (3)O4—C4—O3124.6 (4)
O1—C1—C2121.3 (3)O4—C4—C3117.3 (3)
O2—C1—C2112.9 (3)O3—C4—C3118.1 (4)
C3—C2—C1126.5 (3)C2—C3—H3A118.1
C3—C2—Br1121.5 (3)C4—C3—H3A118.1
C1—C2—Br1112.0 (3)C1—O2—H2109.5
C2—C3—C4123.9 (3)C4—O3—H3109.5
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
O3—H3···O4i0.821.802.617 (4)171
O2—H2···O1ii0.821.862.681 (4)176
Symmetry codes: (i) x+2, y1, z+1; (ii) x+2, y+1/2, z+3/2.

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formulaC4H3BrO4
Mr194.97
Crystal system, space groupMonoclinic, P21/c
Temperature (K)299
a, b, c (Å)7.5074 (12), 4.9272 (6), 16.966 (4)
β (°) 94.213 (12)
V3)625.9 (2)
Z4
Radiation typeMo Kα
µ (mm1)6.50
Crystal size (mm)0.15 × 0.13 × 0.10
Data collection
DiffractometerBruker–Nonius KappaCCD
diffractometer
Absorption correctionNumerical
HABITUS (Herrendorf & Bärnighausen, 1997)
Tmin, Tmax0.325, 0.455
No. of measured, independent and
observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections
8638, 1420, 1046
Rint0.064
(sin θ/λ)max1)0.650
Refinement
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S 0.042, 0.075, 1.16
No. of reflections1420
No. of parameters84
H-atom treatmentH-atom parameters constrained
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å3)0.63, 0.43

Computer programs: COLLECT (Nonius, 1999), DIRAX (Duisenberg, 1992), EVALCCD (Duisenberg et al., 2003), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), DIAMOND (Brandenburg, 1999), publCIF (Westrip, 2009).

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
O3—H3···O4i0.821.802.617 (4)171
O2—H2···O1ii0.821.862.681 (4)176
Symmetry codes: (i) x+2, y1, z+1; (ii) x+2, y+1/2, z+3/2.
 

Acknowledgements

The Swedish Research Council (VR) is acknowleged for providing funding for the single-crystal diffractometer.

References

First citationBatchelor, E. & Jones, W. (1998). Acta Cryst. C54, 238–240.  Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
First citationBrandenburg, K. (1999). DIAMOND. Crystal Impact GbR, Bonn, Germany.  Google Scholar
First citationDay, G. M., Trask, A. V., Motherwell, W. D. S. & Jones, W. (2006). Chem. Commun. pp. 54-56.  Web of Science CSD CrossRef Google Scholar
First citationDuisenberg, A. J. M. (1992). J. Appl. Cryst. 25, 92–96.  CrossRef CAS Web of Science IUCr Journals Google Scholar
First citationDuisenberg, A. J. M., Kroon-Batenburg, L. M. J. & Schreurs, A. M. M. (2003). J. Appl. Cryst. 36, 220–229.  Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
First citationFischer, A. (2006). Acta Cryst. E62, o4190–o4191.  Web of Science CSD CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
First citationHerrendorf, W. & Bärnighausen, H. (1997). HABITUS. University of Karlsruhe, Germany.  Google Scholar
First citationNonius (1999). COLLECT. Nonius BV, Delft, The Netherlands.  Google Scholar
First citationSheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112–122.  Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
First citationWestrip, S. P. (2009). publCIF. In preparation.  Google Scholar
First citationWong, A., Pike, K. J., Jenkins, R., Clarkson, G. J., Anupõld, T., Howes, A. P., Crout, D. H. G., Samoson, A., Dupree, R. & Smith, M. E. (2006). J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 1824–1835.  Web of Science CSD CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar

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ISSN: 2056-9890
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