SnSe has been recently reported as a promising and highly efficient thermoelectric intermetallic alloy. The present material has been prepared by arc melting, as mechanically robust pellets, consisting of highly oriented polycrystals. The evolution of its orthorhombic GeS-type structure (space group Pnma) and phase transition to TlI-type structure (space group Cmcm) at high temperature has been studied in situ by neutron powder diffraction (NPD) in the temperature range 295–873 K. This transition has been identified by differential scanning calorimetry measurements, yielding sharp peaks at 795 K. In addition, thermal transport properties were measured in a similar temperature range, and large Seebeck coefficients, as high as 1050 µV K−1 at 625 K, were found. The analysis from NPD data demonstrates an almost perfect stoichiometry, Sn0.998(8)Se, that does not evolve with temperature, and a progressive decrease of the anharmonicity of the chemical bonds upon entering the domain of the Cmcm structure.
Supporting information
CCDC reference: 1507810
For all compounds, program(s) used to refine structure: FULLPROF.
Crystal data top
Orthorhombic, Pnma | c = 4.4261 (3) Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ac 2n | V = 213.62 (3) Å3 |
a = 11.5524 (9) Å | Constant Wavelength Neutron Diffraction radiation |
b = 4.1777 (3) Å | |
Data collection top
D2B diffractometer | 2θmin = 0.088°, 2θmax = 159.938°, 2θstep = 0.050° |
Radiation source: nuclear reactor | |
Refinement top
Rp = 2.280 | 3198 data points |
Rwp = 3.048 | 72 parameters |
Rexp = 1.817 | 0 restraints |
RBragg = 3.036 | |
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top | x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | Occ. (<1) |
Sn1 | 0.11839 (17) | 0.25000 | 0.0957 (3) | 0.0249 (13) | 0.999 (8) |
Se1 | 0.35525 (13) | 0.25000 | 0.0191 (3) | 0.0197 (7) | |
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top | U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 |
Sn1 | 0.0254 (16) | 0.0223 (12) | 0.0269 (11) | 0.00000 | −0.0036 (8) | 0.00000 |
Se1 | 0.0154 (9) | 0.0185 (6) | 0.0251 (7) | 0.00000 | −0.0016 (6) | 0.00000 |
Crystal data top
Orthorhombic, Pnma | c = 4.4081 (4) Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ac 2n | V = 214.65 (3) Å3 |
a = 11.5925 (11) Å | Constant Wavelength Neutron Diffraction radiation |
b = 4.2006 (3) Å | |
Data collection top
Radiation source: nuclear reactor | 2θmin = 0.099°, 2θmax = 159.949°, 2θstep = 0.050° |
Refinement top
Rp = 2.147 | 3198 data points |
Rwp = 2.947 | 72 parameters |
Rexp = 1.816 | 0 restraints |
RBragg = 3.327 | |
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top | x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | Occ. (<1) |
Sn1 | 0.11902 (19) | 0.25000 | 0.0894 (4) | 0.0312 (16) | 0.997 (9) |
Se1 | 0.35599 (16) | 0.25000 | 0.0198 (3) | 0.0248 (9) | |
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top | U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 |
Sn1 | 0.0308 (19) | 0.0283 (15) | 0.0344 (13) | 0.00000 | −0.0009 (10) | 0.00000 |
Se1 | 0.0195 (10) | 0.0244 (7) | 0.0305 (8) | 0.00000 | −0.0026 (7) | 0.00000 |
Crystal data top
Orthorhombic, Pnma | c = 4.3805 (4) Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ac 2n | V = 215.53 (3) Å3 |
a = 11.6310 (12) Å | Constant Wavelength Neutron Diffraction radiation |
b = 4.2302 (4) Å | |
Data collection top
Radiation source: nuclear reactor | 2θmin = 0.099°, 2θmax = 159.949°, 2θstep = 0.050° |
Refinement top
Rp = 2.106 | 3198 data points |
Rwp = 2.879 | 72 parameters |
Rexp = 1.822 | 0 restraints |
RBragg = 3.523 | |
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top | x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | Occ. (<1) |
Sn1 | 0.1205 (2) | 0.25000 | 0.0784 (5) | 0.0379 (19) | 0.995 (10) |
Se1 | 0.35653 (17) | 0.25000 | 0.0175 (4) | 0.0321 (10) | |
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top | U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 |
Sn1 | 0.039 (2) | 0.0340 (17) | 0.0409 (16) | 0.00000 | 0.0008 (13) | 0.00000 |
Se1 | 0.0293 (12) | 0.0306 (10) | 0.0364 (10) | 0.00000 | −0.0005 (10) | 0.00000 |
Crystal data top
Orthorhombic, Pnma | c = 4.33321 (6) Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ac 2n | V = 216.66 (1) Å3 |
a = 11.68526 (15) Å | Constant Wavelength Neutron Diffraction radiation |
b = 4.27880 (5) Å | |
Data collection top
Radiation source: nuclear reactor | 2θmin = 0.090°, 2θmax = 159.940°, 2θstep = 0.050° |
Refinement top
Rp = 2.150 | 3198 data points |
Rwp = 2.886 | 75 parameters |
Rexp = 1.822 | 0 restraints |
RBragg = 6.839 | |
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top | x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | |
Sn1 | 0.1217 (3) | 0.25000 | 0.0565 (8) | 0.052 (2) | |
Se1 | 0.35675 (18) | 0.25000 | 0.0093 (6) | 0.0359 (13) | |
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top | U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 |
Sn1 | 0.053 (3) | 0.053 (2) | 0.0500 (19) | 0.00000 | 0.001 (2) | 0.00000 |
Se1 | 0.0280 (16) | 0.0379 (13) | 0.0419 (11) | 0.00000 | −0.0002 (18) | 0.00000 |
Crystal data top
Orthorhombic, Cmcm | c = 4.29280 (19) Å |
Hall symbol: -C 2c 2 | V = 216.40 (2) Å3 |
a = 4.3086 (2) Å | Constant Wavelength Neutron Diffraction radiation |
b = 11.6997 (8) Å | |
Data collection top
Radiation source: nuclear reactor | 2θmin = 0.090°, 2θmax = 159.940°, 2θstep = 0.050° |
Refinement top
Rp = 2.150 | 0 data points |
Rwp = 2.886 | 75 parameters |
Rexp = 1.822 | 0 restraints |
RBragg = 6.338 | |
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top | x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | |
Sn1 | 0.00000 | 0.3726 (3) | 0.25000 | 0.0671 (9) | |
Se1 | 0.00000 | 0.1427 (4) | 0.25000 | 0.091 (5) | |
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top | U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 |
Sn1 | 0.0823 (7) | 0.0705 (13) | 0.0484 (6) | 0.00000 | 0.00000 | 0.00000 |
Se1 | 0.052 (2) | 0.177 (14) | 0.0435 (2) | 0.00000 | 0.00000 | 0.00000 |
Crystal data top
Orthorhombic, Cmcm | c = 4.3178 (5) Å |
Hall symbol: -C 2c 2 | V = 217.99 (4) Å3 |
a = 4.3062 (5) Å | Constant Wavelength Neutron Diffraction radiation |
b = 11.7243 (14) Å | |
Data collection top
Radiation source: nuclear reactor | 2θmin = 0.084°, 2θmax = 159.934°, 2θstep = 0.050° |
Refinement top
Rp = 2.162 | 3198 data points |
Rwp = 3.003 | 83 parameters |
Rexp = 1.825 | 0 restraints |
RBragg = 4.068 | |
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top | x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | Occ. (<1) |
Sn1 | 0.00000 | 0.3767 (3) | 0.25000 | 0.069 (3) | 0.998 (12) |
Se1 | 0.00000 | 0.1429 (2) | 0.25000 | 0.0481 (19) | |
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top | U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 |
Sn1 | 0.087 (3) | 0.075 (4) | 0.046 (3) | 0.00000 | 0.00000 | 0.00000 |
Se1 | 0.0477 (15) | 0.0526 (18) | 0.044 (2) | 0.00000 | 0.00000 | 0.00000 |