Supporting information
Crystallographic Information File (CIF) https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536807041694/lh2485sup1.cif | |
Structure factor file (CIF format) https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536807041694/lh2485Isup2.hkl |
CCDC reference: 660172
Key indicators
- Single-crystal X-ray study
- T = 296 K
- Mean (C-C) = 0.008 Å
- Disorder in main residue
- R factor = 0.043
- wR factor = 0.116
- Data-to-parameter ratio = 14.8
checkCIF/PLATON results
No syntax errors found
Alert level A PLAT220_ALERT_2_A Large Non-Solvent C Ueq(max)/Ueq(min) ... 4.92 Ratio
Author Response: see _publ_section_exptl_refinement |
PLAT241_ALERT_2_A Check High Ueq as Compared to Neighbors for C33B
Author Response: see _publ_section_exptl_refinement |
Alert level B PLAT241_ALERT_2_B Check High Ueq as Compared to Neighbors for C34A
Author Response: see _publ_section_exptl_refinement |
PLAT242_ALERT_2_B Check Low Ueq as Compared to Neighbors for O31
Alert level C PLAT152_ALERT_1_C Supplied and Calc Volume s.u. Inconsistent ..... ? PLAT154_ALERT_1_C The su's on the Cell Angles are Equal (x 10000) 200 Deg. PLAT222_ALERT_3_C Large Non-Solvent H Ueq(max)/Ueq(min) ... 3.78 Ratio PLAT241_ALERT_2_C Check High Ueq as Compared to Neighbors for C34B
Author Response: see _publ_section_exptl_refinement |
PLAT242_ALERT_2_C Check Low Ueq as Compared to Neighbors for O21 PLAT242_ALERT_2_C Check Low Ueq as Compared to Neighbors for C22 PLAT242_ALERT_2_C Check Low Ueq as Compared to Neighbors for C32A PLAT242_ALERT_2_C Check Low Ueq as Compared to Neighbors for C32B PLAT245_ALERT_2_C U(iso) H32A Smaller than U(eq) C33B by ... 0.04 AngSq PLAT245_ALERT_2_C U(iso) H32B Smaller than U(eq) C34A by ... 0.03 AngSq PLAT301_ALERT_3_C Main Residue Disorder ......................... 8.00 Perc. PLAT360_ALERT_2_C Short C(sp3)-C(sp3) Bond C22 - C24 ... 1.43 Ang.
Alert level G PLAT860_ALERT_3_G Note: Number of Least-Squares Restraints ....... 28
2 ALERT level A = In general: serious problem 2 ALERT level B = Potentially serious problem 12 ALERT level C = Check and explain 1 ALERT level G = General alerts; check 2 ALERT type 1 CIF construction/syntax error, inconsistent or missing data 12 ALERT type 2 Indicator that the structure model may be wrong or deficient 3 ALERT type 3 Indicator that the structure quality may be low 0 ALERT type 4 Improvement, methodology, query or suggestion 0 ALERT type 5 Informative message, check
For background information, see: Durr et al. (2006); Fujishima & Honda (1972); Laaziz et al. (1992); Lee et al. (2006); Mihaiu et al. (2007); Ohtani et al. (1997); Pal et al. (2007); Sui et al. (2004, 2005, 2006). The only other two published crystal structures of hexametallic Zr—Ti metal cluster compounds (Moraru et al., 2001) are also triclinic with Z = 1. These both form 'raft'- style complexes as opposed to the numerous forms observed with pure Ti6 or Zr6 complexes.
For related literature, see: Allen (2002); Hernandez-Alonso et al. (2006); Kitiyanan et al. (2006).
The synthesis of single crystals in scCO2 was carried out in a 10 ml stainless steel view cell connected to a syringe pump (ISCO 260DM) for pumping CO2. A check valve (HIP) was used to prevent possible back flow from the view cell. The temperature and pressure in the view cell were measured and controlled by means of a T-type thermocouple (Omega), a heating tape, a temperature controller (Omega) and a pressure transducer (Omega). 2 ml (6.6 mmol) of titanium (IV) isopropoxide (reagent grade 97%), 0.325 ml (0.73 mmol) zirconium (IV) propoxide (reagent grade 90%) and 0.55 ml (9.8 mmol) of 99.7% acetic acid were quickly placed in the view cell, followed by addition of CO2 (insrument grade 99.99%) to 5000 PSI pressure and 313 K temperature. A magnetic stirrer was used for mixing the reaction. Colorless crystals started to appear after 15 days and after 30 days the material was washed continuously using ScCO2 at a controlled flow rate of approximately 0.5 ml/min, followed by controlled venting. The synthesized material was kept under an Argon atmosphere until ready for the X-ray diffraction experiment.
One of the isopropoxide units was modelled as disordered over two sites with occpuncies of 0.50/0.50. The following two bond lengths of the disordered moiety were restrained to be similar: O31—C32A, O31—C32B. The following four bond lengths of the disordered moiety were restrained to be similar: C32A—C33A, C32A—C34A, C32B—C33B, C32B—C34B. Soft restraints were applied to the isotropic displacement parameters of the disordered moiety. C32A and C32B had their displacement parameters restrained to be equal. The disorder has resulted in larger than normal displacment ellipsoids for the atoms involved.
All H atoms were positioned geometrically and constrained as riding atoms with C—H = 0.98Å and Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C) for methyne H atoms and C—H = 0.96Å and Uiso(H) = 1.5Ueq(C) for methyl H atoms.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials have been widely used as photocatalysts, optical coatings and electrodes in solar cells for numerous reasons. They possess favorable opto-electrical properties, and further, they are inexpensive, chemically stable and non-toxic. This field was pioneered by Fujishima & Honda (1972) with their work on the photo–induced splitting of water in the suspensions of micrometer sized titania. The performance depends on some important properties such as surface area, crystal size, thermal stability and quantum efficiency (Ohtani et al., 1997; Pal et al., 2007). These properties depend highly on both the synthesis method, and the subsequent thermal treatment technique, i.e. calcination.
In some cases, doping with a second metal has been found to be very effective in improving the properties of TiO2. Zirconia has been reported as one of the most suitable dopants to enhance the thermal stability and activity of TiO2 nanomaterials (Hernandez-Alonso et al., 2006; Durr et al., 2006; Kitiyanan et al., 2006). Binary metal oxides are synthesized by the Sol-Gel process because it has the ability to produce large scale homogeneous multicomponent metal oxides with lower cost and milder operating conditions compared to the CVD sputtering method (Mihaiu et al., 2007). Laaziz et al. (1992) produced Ti—Zr metal oxide crystals using a 1:1 molar ratio of titanium and zirconium precursors by acetic acid modified Sol-gel process in n-propanol. The resulting crystal structure was Zr6Ti3(OPr)16(OAc)8O6.
The Sol-gel process in supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) has the potential to produce new and high quality materials. SiO2 aerogel (Sui et al., 2004), ZrO2 monolith (Sui et al., 2006), and TiO2 nanofibers (Sui et al., 2005) were produced by poly condensation of acetic acid with respective alkoxide and amorphous ZrO2 by a reverse microemulsion process (Lee et al., 2006). To the best of our knowledge, no one has produced binary metal oxide single crystals in supercritical CO2. It is important to investigate the single-crystal structure of binary metal alkoxides to understand the chemistry and the mechanism of nanostructure formation during the Sol-gel process in ScCO2.
Towards this end we attempted to synthesize an acetic-acid-modified Ti—Zr propoxide in ScCO2 using an acid:alkoxide ratio of 1.33:1. This yielded colourless plates which were fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The results of the study revealed a "raft" style hexanuclear mixed metal complex, Ti4Zr2(µ3-O)4 (µ-O2CCH3)10(µ-OiPr)2(OiPr)4, see Scheme. The molecule resided on a centre of symmetry, so only half of the molecule comprises the asymmetric unit. One of the terminal isopropoxide ligands is disordered and was modelled isotropically in equal ratios.
The core of the heterometallic structure consists of two Zr atoms and four Ti atoms linked by triply-bridging O atoms. The compound is also linked together via 10 bridging acetate ligands, 2 bridging isopropoxide ligands with the coordination completed by 4 isopropoxide ligands (Fig. 1). The titanium centers are surrounded by a distorted octahedron of O atoms, which is typical, as is the higher coordination number observed for the zirconium centers, in this case, 8. The µ3-oxo groups appear to be sp2 hybridized (average sum of angles = 352.0°).
Metal pure Titanium or Zirconium hexametallic species have been known to form prismatic hexagons, or octahedrons or "raft" style complexes. A search of the CSD V5.28 (Allen, 2002) revealed only two other hexametallic Zr—Ti metal clusters and they were both "raft" style. The crystal structures of the two complexes Ti2Zr4(µ3-O)4(µ-O2CC(CH3)(CH2))10(µ-OnBu)2(O2CC(CH3) (CH2))4and Ti4Zr2(µ3-O)4(µ-O2CC(CH3)(CH2))10 (µ-OnBu)2(OnBu)4 were determined by Moraru et al. (2001). As with the title compound both of these complexes crystallize in space group P-1 with Z = 1.
For background information, see: Durr et al. (2006); Fujishima & Honda (1972); Laaziz et al. (1992); Lee et al. (2006); Mihaiu et al. (2007); Ohtani et al. (1997); Pal et al. (2007); Sui et al. (2004, 2005, 2006). The only other two published crystal structures of hexametallic Zr—Ti metal cluster compounds (Moraru et al., 2001) are also triclinic with Z = 1. These both form 'raft'- style complexes as opposed to the numerous forms observed with pure Ti6 or Zr6 complexes.
For related literature, see: Allen (2002); Hernandez-Alonso et al. (2006); Kitiyanan et al. (2006).
Data collection: COLLECT (Nonius, 2001); cell refinement: DENZO-SMN (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997); data reduction: DENZO-SMN; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997); molecular graphics: SHELXTL/PC (Sheldrick, 2001); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL/PC.
[Ti4Zr2(C2H3O2)10(C3H7O)6O4] | Z = 1 |
Mr = 1383.00 | F(000) = 708 |
Triclinic, P1 | Dx = 1.595 Mg m−3 |
Hall symbol: -P 1 | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
a = 10.1178 (4) Å | Cell parameters from 10310 reflections |
b = 11.9884 (5) Å | θ = 2.0–27.5° |
c = 12.3722 (4) Å | µ = 0.96 mm−1 |
α = 94.713 (2)° | T = 296 K |
β = 90.775 (2)° | Plate, colourless |
γ = 105.608 (2)° | 0.20 × 0.07 × 0.04 mm |
V = 1439.48 (9) Å3 |
Nonius KappaCCD diffractometer | 5064 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 4164 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.053 |
φ scans, and ω scans with κ offsets | θmax = 25.0°, θmin = 2.6° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SORTAV; Blessing, 1995) | h = −12→12 |
Tmin = 0.832, Tmax = 0.969 | k = −14→12 |
15521 measured reflections | l = −14→14 |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.043 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.116 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.04 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0533P)2 + 1.8365P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
5064 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.002 |
343 parameters | Δρmax = 0.45 e Å−3 |
28 restraints | Δρmin = −0.62 e Å−3 |
[Ti4Zr2(C2H3O2)10(C3H7O)6O4] | γ = 105.608 (2)° |
Mr = 1383.00 | V = 1439.48 (9) Å3 |
Triclinic, P1 | Z = 1 |
a = 10.1178 (4) Å | Mo Kα radiation |
b = 11.9884 (5) Å | µ = 0.96 mm−1 |
c = 12.3722 (4) Å | T = 296 K |
α = 94.713 (2)° | 0.20 × 0.07 × 0.04 mm |
β = 90.775 (2)° |
Nonius KappaCCD diffractometer | 5064 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SORTAV; Blessing, 1995) | 4164 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.832, Tmax = 0.969 | Rint = 0.053 |
15521 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.043 | 28 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.116 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.04 | Δρmax = 0.45 e Å−3 |
5064 reflections | Δρmin = −0.62 e Å−3 |
343 parameters |
Experimental. Absorption correction: multi-scan from symmetry-related measurements (SORTAV; Blessing, 1995) |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | Occ. (<1) | |
Zr1 | 0.36683 (4) | 0.91306 (3) | 0.91786 (3) | 0.03491 (13) | |
Ti2 | 0.64206 (7) | 0.97018 (6) | 0.79062 (5) | 0.03841 (19) | |
Ti3 | 0.35561 (8) | 0.74024 (7) | 0.69502 (6) | 0.0452 (2) | |
O1 | 0.4534 (3) | 0.8919 (2) | 0.7651 (2) | 0.0392 (6) | |
O2 | 0.4157 (3) | 1.0079 (2) | 1.07191 (19) | 0.0371 (6) | |
O11 | 0.2824 (3) | 0.7274 (2) | 0.8373 (2) | 0.0447 (7) | |
C12 | 0.1925 (5) | 0.6317 (4) | 0.8897 (5) | 0.0681 (14) | |
H12A | 0.1869 | 0.6599 | 0.9656 | 0.082* | |
C13 | 0.0541 (6) | 0.6062 (6) | 0.8399 (6) | 0.094 (2) | |
H13A | 0.0256 | 0.6765 | 0.8414 | 0.141* | |
H13B | −0.0086 | 0.5508 | 0.8797 | 0.141* | |
H13C | 0.0546 | 0.5746 | 0.7661 | 0.141* | |
C14 | 0.2513 (7) | 0.5290 (5) | 0.8899 (6) | 0.0912 (19) | |
H14A | 0.2558 | 0.4975 | 0.8166 | 0.137* | |
H14B | 0.1936 | 0.4707 | 0.9301 | 0.137* | |
H14C | 0.3419 | 0.5534 | 0.9232 | 0.137* | |
O21 | 0.6591 (3) | 1.1083 (3) | 0.7418 (2) | 0.0527 (7) | |
C22 | 0.7334 (8) | 1.2032 (6) | 0.6853 (6) | 0.103 (2) | |
H22A | 0.6695 | 1.2203 | 0.6330 | 0.123* | |
C23 | 0.7868 (12) | 1.3112 (6) | 0.7649 (9) | 0.184 (5) | |
H23A | 0.7423 | 1.2986 | 0.8326 | 0.276* | |
H23B | 0.7674 | 1.3769 | 0.7355 | 0.276* | |
H23C | 0.8841 | 1.3258 | 0.7767 | 0.276* | |
C24 | 0.8473 (10) | 1.1835 (7) | 0.6272 (7) | 0.154 (4) | |
H24A | 0.9241 | 1.1931 | 0.6769 | 0.231* | |
H24B | 0.8717 | 1.2382 | 0.5735 | 0.231* | |
H24C | 0.8227 | 1.1059 | 0.5922 | 0.231* | |
O31 | 0.2771 (3) | 0.6024 (3) | 0.6257 (3) | 0.0611 (9) | |
C32A | 0.261 (2) | 0.5116 (17) | 0.5429 (16) | 0.143 (4)* | 0.50 |
H32A | 0.3207 | 0.5464 | 0.4857 | 0.172* | 0.50 |
C33A | 0.129 (2) | 0.479 (2) | 0.4949 (19) | 0.179 (9)* | 0.50 |
H33A | 0.1226 | 0.4167 | 0.4391 | 0.269* | 0.50 |
H33B | 0.1110 | 0.5440 | 0.4637 | 0.269* | 0.50 |
H33C | 0.0635 | 0.4528 | 0.5489 | 0.269* | 0.50 |
C34A | 0.324 (3) | 0.425 (2) | 0.581 (2) | 0.204 (11)* | 0.50 |
H34A | 0.2740 | 0.3493 | 0.5503 | 0.306* | 0.50 |
H34B | 0.3224 | 0.4283 | 0.6586 | 0.306* | 0.50 |
H34C | 0.4176 | 0.4417 | 0.5589 | 0.306* | 0.50 |
C32B | 0.292 (3) | 0.5001 (15) | 0.5687 (16) | 0.143 (4)* | 0.50 |
H32B | 0.3791 | 0.4910 | 0.5965 | 0.172* | 0.50 |
C33B | 0.308 (3) | 0.507 (2) | 0.4565 (18) | 0.207 (11)* | 0.50 |
H33D | 0.2603 | 0.5596 | 0.4314 | 0.310* | 0.50 |
H33E | 0.2716 | 0.4313 | 0.4190 | 0.310* | 0.50 |
H33F | 0.4041 | 0.5348 | 0.4426 | 0.310* | 0.50 |
C34B | 0.191 (3) | 0.396 (2) | 0.592 (2) | 0.190 (10)* | 0.50 |
H34D | 0.1753 | 0.3399 | 0.5303 | 0.286* | 0.50 |
H34E | 0.1060 | 0.4141 | 0.6096 | 0.286* | 0.50 |
H34F | 0.2227 | 0.3643 | 0.6532 | 0.286* | 0.50 |
O41 | 0.5140 (3) | 0.6760 (3) | 0.7397 (3) | 0.0548 (8) | |
C42 | 0.6246 (4) | 0.7114 (4) | 0.7958 (4) | 0.0492 (10) | |
O43 | 0.6846 (3) | 0.8148 (3) | 0.8253 (2) | 0.0506 (7) | |
C44 | 0.6887 (6) | 0.6198 (5) | 0.8282 (5) | 0.0821 (17) | |
H44A | 0.7317 | 0.5920 | 0.7669 | 0.123* | |
H44B | 0.6192 | 0.5565 | 0.8529 | 0.123* | |
H44C | 0.7563 | 0.6522 | 0.8855 | 0.123* | |
O45 | 0.4674 (3) | 0.7947 (3) | 0.5625 (2) | 0.0590 (8) | |
C46 | 0.5882 (5) | 0.8594 (4) | 0.5547 (3) | 0.0559 (12) | |
O47 | 0.6705 (3) | 0.9047 (3) | 0.6325 (2) | 0.0561 (8) | |
C48 | 0.6347 (7) | 0.8837 (6) | 0.4403 (4) | 0.092 (2) | |
H48A | 0.6134 | 0.9531 | 0.4212 | 0.138* | |
H48B | 0.5880 | 0.8194 | 0.3900 | 0.138* | |
H48C | 0.7320 | 0.8940 | 0.4376 | 0.138* | |
O51 | 0.8441 (3) | 1.0276 (3) | 0.8471 (2) | 0.0480 (7) | |
C52 | 0.8950 (4) | 1.0991 (4) | 0.9271 (3) | 0.0419 (9) | |
O53 | 0.8269 (3) | 1.1369 (2) | 0.9984 (2) | 0.0473 (7) | |
C54 | 1.0481 (4) | 1.1436 (5) | 0.9367 (4) | 0.0637 (13) | |
H54A | 1.0757 | 1.2222 | 0.9171 | 0.096* | |
H54B | 1.0883 | 1.0956 | 0.8890 | 0.096* | |
H54C | 1.0785 | 1.1415 | 1.0102 | 0.096* | |
O61 | 0.3775 (3) | 1.0931 (2) | 0.8858 (2) | 0.0441 (6) | |
C62 | 0.4569 (4) | 1.1892 (4) | 0.9196 (3) | 0.0455 (10) | |
O63 | 0.5568 (3) | 1.2066 (2) | 0.9872 (2) | 0.0440 (6) | |
C64 | 0.4300 (6) | 1.2946 (4) | 0.8765 (5) | 0.0711 (15) | |
H64A | 0.4652 | 1.3027 | 0.8050 | 0.107* | |
H64B | 0.4747 | 1.3624 | 0.9236 | 0.107* | |
H64C | 0.3330 | 1.2861 | 0.8733 | 0.107* | |
O71 | 0.2073 (3) | 0.8079 (3) | 0.6488 (2) | 0.0528 (7) | |
C72 | 0.1513 (4) | 0.8744 (4) | 0.7072 (3) | 0.0485 (10) | |
O73 | 0.1912 (3) | 0.9176 (3) | 0.7996 (2) | 0.0482 (7) | |
C74 | 0.0268 (6) | 0.8987 (6) | 0.6578 (4) | 0.0774 (16) | |
H74A | −0.0505 | 0.8318 | 0.6598 | 0.116* | |
H74B | 0.0433 | 0.9156 | 0.5839 | 0.116* | |
H74C | 0.0079 | 0.9642 | 0.6981 | 0.116* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Zr1 | 0.0278 (2) | 0.0345 (2) | 0.0407 (2) | 0.00664 (15) | 0.00253 (14) | −0.00048 (15) |
Ti2 | 0.0311 (4) | 0.0410 (4) | 0.0416 (4) | 0.0078 (3) | 0.0053 (3) | 0.0010 (3) |
Ti3 | 0.0373 (4) | 0.0457 (4) | 0.0488 (4) | 0.0087 (3) | 0.0006 (3) | −0.0089 (3) |
O1 | 0.0357 (14) | 0.0403 (15) | 0.0412 (14) | 0.0111 (12) | 0.0015 (11) | −0.0001 (11) |
O2 | 0.0323 (14) | 0.0365 (14) | 0.0415 (14) | 0.0087 (11) | 0.0033 (11) | −0.0007 (11) |
O11 | 0.0389 (15) | 0.0359 (15) | 0.0532 (16) | 0.0013 (12) | 0.0056 (12) | −0.0029 (12) |
C12 | 0.067 (3) | 0.048 (3) | 0.082 (3) | 0.004 (2) | 0.013 (3) | −0.001 (2) |
C13 | 0.061 (4) | 0.092 (5) | 0.119 (5) | 0.003 (3) | 0.003 (3) | 0.004 (4) |
C14 | 0.104 (5) | 0.057 (3) | 0.116 (5) | 0.025 (3) | 0.011 (4) | 0.021 (3) |
O21 | 0.0484 (18) | 0.0498 (18) | 0.0569 (17) | 0.0051 (14) | 0.0066 (14) | 0.0129 (14) |
C22 | 0.093 (5) | 0.096 (5) | 0.120 (5) | 0.010 (4) | 0.019 (4) | 0.056 (4) |
C23 | 0.246 (13) | 0.058 (5) | 0.215 (11) | −0.018 (6) | 0.118 (10) | −0.001 (6) |
C24 | 0.185 (9) | 0.118 (7) | 0.135 (7) | −0.010 (6) | 0.096 (7) | 0.025 (5) |
O31 | 0.0553 (19) | 0.0532 (19) | 0.0669 (19) | 0.0098 (15) | −0.0031 (15) | −0.0225 (16) |
O41 | 0.0447 (18) | 0.0458 (17) | 0.073 (2) | 0.0145 (14) | −0.0017 (15) | −0.0080 (15) |
C42 | 0.041 (2) | 0.049 (3) | 0.059 (3) | 0.017 (2) | 0.005 (2) | −0.001 (2) |
O43 | 0.0428 (17) | 0.0445 (17) | 0.0647 (18) | 0.0145 (14) | −0.0024 (14) | −0.0029 (14) |
C44 | 0.066 (4) | 0.054 (3) | 0.129 (5) | 0.023 (3) | −0.020 (3) | 0.004 (3) |
O45 | 0.053 (2) | 0.071 (2) | 0.0470 (17) | 0.0109 (17) | 0.0053 (14) | −0.0115 (15) |
C46 | 0.050 (3) | 0.071 (3) | 0.045 (2) | 0.015 (2) | 0.008 (2) | −0.002 (2) |
O47 | 0.0444 (17) | 0.069 (2) | 0.0493 (17) | 0.0102 (15) | 0.0078 (14) | −0.0079 (15) |
C48 | 0.089 (4) | 0.122 (5) | 0.050 (3) | 0.003 (4) | 0.015 (3) | 0.000 (3) |
O51 | 0.0301 (14) | 0.0549 (18) | 0.0551 (17) | 0.0074 (13) | 0.0056 (12) | −0.0044 (14) |
C52 | 0.032 (2) | 0.046 (2) | 0.048 (2) | 0.0086 (18) | 0.0056 (17) | 0.0084 (19) |
O53 | 0.0322 (15) | 0.0510 (17) | 0.0533 (16) | 0.0043 (13) | 0.0090 (12) | −0.0055 (13) |
C54 | 0.032 (2) | 0.074 (3) | 0.079 (3) | 0.007 (2) | 0.006 (2) | −0.006 (3) |
O61 | 0.0384 (15) | 0.0399 (16) | 0.0531 (16) | 0.0092 (13) | −0.0041 (12) | 0.0043 (13) |
C62 | 0.037 (2) | 0.042 (2) | 0.058 (2) | 0.0116 (19) | 0.0029 (19) | 0.0052 (19) |
O63 | 0.0375 (16) | 0.0341 (15) | 0.0577 (17) | 0.0057 (12) | −0.0008 (13) | 0.0025 (12) |
C64 | 0.068 (3) | 0.047 (3) | 0.098 (4) | 0.013 (2) | −0.020 (3) | 0.017 (3) |
O71 | 0.0431 (17) | 0.063 (2) | 0.0517 (17) | 0.0163 (15) | −0.0039 (13) | −0.0047 (15) |
C72 | 0.037 (2) | 0.056 (3) | 0.051 (2) | 0.013 (2) | −0.0019 (19) | −0.003 (2) |
O73 | 0.0354 (15) | 0.0535 (18) | 0.0557 (17) | 0.0151 (13) | −0.0042 (13) | −0.0050 (14) |
C74 | 0.059 (3) | 0.109 (5) | 0.072 (3) | 0.042 (3) | −0.013 (3) | −0.008 (3) |
Zr1—O2 | 2.118 (2) | C32A—H32A | 0.9800 |
Zr1—O1 | 2.118 (2) | C33A—H33A | 0.9600 |
Zr1—O2i | 2.147 (3) | C33A—H33B | 0.9600 |
Zr1—O53i | 2.191 (3) | C33A—H33C | 0.9600 |
Zr1—O61 | 2.201 (3) | C34A—H34A | 0.9600 |
Zr1—O63i | 2.210 (3) | C34A—H34B | 0.9600 |
Zr1—O11 | 2.295 (3) | C34A—H34C | 0.9600 |
Zr1—O73 | 2.301 (3) | C32B—C33B | 1.406 (16) |
Zr1—Ti2 | 3.1578 (8) | C32B—C34B | 1.441 (16) |
Zr1—Ti3 | 3.2913 (8) | C32B—H32B | 0.9800 |
Zr1—Zr1i | 3.4454 (7) | C33B—H33D | 0.9600 |
Ti2—O21 | 1.775 (3) | C33B—H33E | 0.9600 |
Ti2—O2i | 1.827 (2) | C33B—H33F | 0.9600 |
Ti2—O1 | 1.896 (3) | C34B—H34D | 0.9600 |
Ti2—O51 | 2.065 (3) | C34B—H34E | 0.9600 |
Ti2—O43 | 2.097 (3) | C34B—H34F | 0.9600 |
Ti2—O47 | 2.100 (3) | O41—C42 | 1.261 (5) |
Ti3—O31 | 1.772 (3) | C42—O43 | 1.247 (5) |
Ti3—O11 | 1.921 (3) | C42—C44 | 1.495 (6) |
Ti3—O1 | 1.946 (3) | C44—H44A | 0.9600 |
Ti3—O71 | 1.986 (3) | C44—H44B | 0.9600 |
Ti3—O41 | 2.044 (3) | C44—H44C | 0.9600 |
Ti3—O45 | 2.055 (3) | O45—C46 | 1.268 (6) |
O2—Ti2i | 1.827 (2) | C46—O47 | 1.251 (5) |
O2—Zr1i | 2.147 (3) | C46—C48 | 1.524 (7) |
O11—C12 | 1.462 (6) | C48—H48A | 0.9600 |
C12—C13 | 1.466 (8) | C48—H48B | 0.9600 |
C12—C14 | 1.505 (7) | C48—H48C | 0.9600 |
C12—H12A | 0.9800 | O51—C52 | 1.261 (5) |
C13—H13A | 0.9600 | C52—O53 | 1.255 (5) |
C13—H13B | 0.9600 | C52—C54 | 1.496 (6) |
C13—H13C | 0.9600 | O53—Zr1i | 2.191 (3) |
C14—H14A | 0.9600 | C54—H54A | 0.9600 |
C14—H14B | 0.9600 | C54—H54B | 0.9600 |
C14—H14C | 0.9600 | C54—H54C | 0.9600 |
O21—C22 | 1.426 (7) | O61—C62 | 1.250 (5) |
C22—C24 | 1.428 (10) | C62—O63 | 1.265 (5) |
C22—C23 | 1.529 (11) | C62—C64 | 1.498 (6) |
C22—H22A | 0.9800 | O63—Zr1i | 2.210 (3) |
C23—H23A | 0.9600 | C64—H64A | 0.9600 |
C23—H23B | 0.9600 | C64—H64B | 0.9600 |
C23—H23C | 0.9600 | C64—H64C | 0.9600 |
C24—H24A | 0.9600 | O71—C72 | 1.279 (5) |
C24—H24B | 0.9600 | C72—O73 | 1.231 (5) |
C24—H24C | 0.9600 | C72—C74 | 1.500 (6) |
O31—C32A | 1.407 (14) | C74—H74A | 0.9600 |
O31—C32B | 1.408 (15) | C74—H74B | 0.9600 |
C32A—C33A | 1.396 (15) | C74—H74C | 0.9600 |
C32A—C34A | 1.456 (16) | ||
O2—Zr1—O1 | 140.96 (10) | C12—C13—H13A | 109.5 |
O2—Zr1—O2i | 72.20 (11) | C12—C13—H13B | 109.5 |
O1—Zr1—O2i | 69.68 (10) | H13A—C13—H13B | 109.5 |
O2—Zr1—O53i | 76.97 (10) | C12—C13—H13C | 109.5 |
O1—Zr1—O53i | 141.85 (10) | H13A—C13—H13C | 109.5 |
O2i—Zr1—O53i | 148.21 (10) | H13B—C13—H13C | 109.5 |
O2—Zr1—O61 | 75.99 (10) | C12—C14—H14A | 109.5 |
O1—Zr1—O61 | 88.40 (10) | C12—C14—H14B | 109.5 |
O2i—Zr1—O61 | 78.44 (10) | H14A—C14—H14B | 109.5 |
O53i—Zr1—O61 | 101.67 (11) | C12—C14—H14C | 109.5 |
O2—Zr1—O63i | 77.27 (10) | H14A—C14—H14C | 109.5 |
O1—Zr1—O63i | 102.10 (10) | H14B—C14—H14C | 109.5 |
O2i—Zr1—O63i | 77.47 (10) | C22—O21—Ti2 | 150.7 (4) |
O53i—Zr1—O63i | 88.45 (11) | O21—C22—C24 | 115.2 (6) |
O61—Zr1—O63i | 148.32 (10) | O21—C22—C23 | 109.8 (6) |
O2—Zr1—O11 | 141.88 (10) | C24—C22—C23 | 107.9 (7) |
O1—Zr1—O11 | 68.41 (10) | O21—C22—H22A | 107.9 |
O2i—Zr1—O11 | 119.81 (9) | C24—C22—H22A | 107.9 |
O53i—Zr1—O11 | 80.96 (10) | C23—C22—H22A | 107.9 |
O61—Zr1—O11 | 139.47 (10) | C22—C23—H23A | 109.5 |
O63i—Zr1—O11 | 71.41 (10) | C22—C23—H23B | 109.5 |
O2—Zr1—O73 | 126.31 (9) | H23A—C23—H23B | 109.5 |
O1—Zr1—O73 | 78.02 (10) | C22—C23—H23C | 109.5 |
O2i—Zr1—O73 | 134.51 (10) | H23A—C23—H23C | 109.5 |
O53i—Zr1—O73 | 71.69 (11) | H23B—C23—H23C | 109.5 |
O61—Zr1—O73 | 69.29 (10) | C22—C24—H24A | 109.5 |
O63i—Zr1—O73 | 141.88 (10) | C22—C24—H24B | 109.5 |
O11—Zr1—O73 | 73.50 (10) | H24A—C24—H24B | 109.5 |
O2—Zr1—Ti2 | 105.70 (7) | C22—C24—H24C | 109.5 |
O1—Zr1—Ti2 | 35.70 (7) | H24A—C24—H24C | 109.5 |
O2i—Zr1—Ti2 | 33.99 (6) | H24B—C24—H24C | 109.5 |
O53i—Zr1—Ti2 | 176.67 (7) | C32A—O31—Ti3 | 155.7 (11) |
O61—Zr1—Ti2 | 81.03 (7) | C32B—O31—Ti3 | 148.6 (11) |
O63i—Zr1—Ti2 | 90.22 (7) | C33A—C32A—O31 | 112.0 (17) |
O11—Zr1—Ti2 | 95.72 (7) | C33A—C32A—C34A | 121 (2) |
O73—Zr1—Ti2 | 107.73 (7) | O31—C32A—C34A | 108.5 (16) |
O2—Zr1—Ti3 | 165.63 (7) | C33A—C32A—H32A | 104.6 |
O1—Zr1—Ti3 | 34.20 (7) | O31—C32A—H32A | 104.6 |
O2i—Zr1—Ti3 | 98.04 (6) | C34A—C32A—H32A | 104.6 |
O53i—Zr1—Ti3 | 110.59 (7) | C33B—C32B—O31 | 114.6 (18) |
O61—Zr1—Ti3 | 113.07 (7) | C33B—C32B—C34B | 112 (2) |
O63i—Zr1—Ti3 | 90.48 (7) | O31—C32B—C34B | 114.2 (19) |
O11—Zr1—Ti3 | 34.77 (7) | C33B—C32B—H32B | 104.8 |
O73—Zr1—Ti3 | 68.06 (7) | O31—C32B—H32B | 104.8 |
Ti2—Zr1—Ti3 | 66.362 (19) | C34B—C32B—H32B | 104.8 |
O2—Zr1—Zr1i | 36.38 (7) | C32B—C33B—H33D | 109.5 |
O1—Zr1—Zr1i | 105.14 (7) | C32B—C33B—H33E | 109.5 |
O2i—Zr1—Zr1i | 35.82 (6) | H33D—C33B—H33E | 109.5 |
O53i—Zr1—Zr1i | 113.02 (7) | C32B—C33B—H33F | 109.5 |
O61—Zr1—Zr1i | 74.12 (7) | H33D—C33B—H33F | 109.5 |
O63i—Zr1—Zr1i | 74.30 (7) | H33E—C33B—H33F | 109.5 |
O11—Zr1—Zr1i | 142.49 (7) | C32B—C34B—H34D | 109.5 |
O73—Zr1—Zr1i | 143.19 (7) | C32B—C34B—H34E | 109.5 |
Ti2—Zr1—Zr1i | 69.503 (17) | H34D—C34B—H34E | 109.5 |
Ti3—Zr1—Zr1i | 133.05 (2) | C32B—C34B—H34F | 109.5 |
O21—Ti2—O2i | 101.96 (13) | H34D—C34B—H34F | 109.5 |
O21—Ti2—O1 | 104.06 (13) | H34E—C34B—H34F | 109.5 |
O2i—Ti2—O1 | 81.71 (11) | C42—O41—Ti3 | 137.5 (3) |
O21—Ti2—O51 | 88.72 (13) | O43—C42—O41 | 125.9 (4) |
O2i—Ti2—O51 | 90.22 (11) | O43—C42—C44 | 117.9 (4) |
O1—Ti2—O51 | 166.02 (12) | O41—C42—C44 | 116.2 (4) |
O21—Ti2—O43 | 161.19 (13) | C42—O43—Ti2 | 131.3 (3) |
O2i—Ti2—O43 | 91.35 (12) | C42—C44—H44A | 109.5 |
O1—Ti2—O43 | 90.87 (12) | C42—C44—H44B | 109.5 |
O51—Ti2—O43 | 77.87 (12) | H44A—C44—H44B | 109.5 |
O21—Ti2—O47 | 88.87 (13) | C42—C44—H44C | 109.5 |
O2i—Ti2—O47 | 165.51 (13) | H44A—C44—H44C | 109.5 |
O1—Ti2—O47 | 86.37 (11) | H44B—C44—H44C | 109.5 |
O51—Ti2—O47 | 99.72 (11) | C46—O45—Ti3 | 131.7 (3) |
O43—Ti2—O47 | 80.58 (12) | O47—C46—O45 | 125.6 (4) |
O21—Ti2—Zr1 | 106.25 (10) | O47—C46—C48 | 118.0 (5) |
O2i—Ti2—Zr1 | 41.05 (8) | O45—C46—C48 | 116.4 (4) |
O1—Ti2—Zr1 | 40.69 (7) | C46—O47—Ti2 | 132.3 (3) |
O51—Ti2—Zr1 | 130.54 (8) | C46—C48—H48A | 109.5 |
O43—Ti2—Zr1 | 92.52 (8) | C46—C48—H48B | 109.5 |
O47—Ti2—Zr1 | 126.75 (9) | H48A—C48—H48B | 109.5 |
O31—Ti3—O11 | 103.45 (14) | C46—C48—H48C | 109.5 |
O31—Ti3—O1 | 175.91 (13) | H48A—C48—H48C | 109.5 |
O11—Ti3—O1 | 79.97 (11) | H48B—C48—H48C | 109.5 |
O31—Ti3—O71 | 93.18 (14) | C52—O51—Ti2 | 128.7 (2) |
O11—Ti3—O71 | 90.21 (12) | O53—C52—O51 | 125.0 (4) |
O1—Ti3—O71 | 89.02 (12) | O53—C52—C54 | 117.7 (4) |
O31—Ti3—O41 | 88.12 (14) | O51—C52—C54 | 117.4 (4) |
O11—Ti3—O41 | 91.42 (13) | C52—O53—Zr1i | 141.7 (3) |
O1—Ti3—O41 | 89.57 (11) | C52—C54—H54A | 109.5 |
O71—Ti3—O41 | 177.63 (14) | C52—C54—H54B | 109.5 |
O31—Ti3—O45 | 91.71 (14) | H54A—C54—H54B | 109.5 |
O11—Ti3—O45 | 164.65 (12) | C52—C54—H54C | 109.5 |
O1—Ti3—O45 | 84.79 (12) | H54A—C54—H54C | 109.5 |
O71—Ti3—O45 | 91.39 (13) | H54B—C54—H54C | 109.5 |
O41—Ti3—O45 | 86.59 (13) | C62—O61—Zr1 | 133.0 (3) |
O31—Ti3—Zr1 | 146.00 (11) | O61—C62—O63 | 126.6 (4) |
O11—Ti3—Zr1 | 42.94 (8) | O61—C62—C64 | 116.6 (4) |
O1—Ti3—Zr1 | 37.72 (8) | O63—C62—C64 | 116.7 (4) |
O71—Ti3—Zr1 | 83.70 (8) | C62—O63—Zr1i | 131.9 (3) |
O41—Ti3—Zr1 | 96.33 (8) | C62—C64—H64A | 109.5 |
O45—Ti3—Zr1 | 122.15 (9) | C62—C64—H64B | 109.5 |
Ti2—O1—Ti3 | 133.57 (14) | H64A—C64—H64B | 109.5 |
Ti2—O1—Zr1 | 103.61 (11) | C62—C64—H64C | 109.5 |
Ti3—O1—Zr1 | 108.08 (12) | H64A—C64—H64C | 109.5 |
Ti2i—O2—Zr1 | 145.76 (14) | H64B—C64—H64C | 109.5 |
Ti2i—O2—Zr1i | 104.95 (12) | C72—O71—Ti3 | 127.0 (3) |
Zr1—O2—Zr1i | 107.80 (10) | O73—C72—O71 | 124.9 (4) |
C12—O11—Ti3 | 133.3 (3) | O73—C72—C74 | 118.9 (4) |
C12—O11—Zr1 | 124.4 (3) | O71—C72—C74 | 116.3 (4) |
Ti3—O11—Zr1 | 102.28 (12) | C72—O73—Zr1 | 135.7 (3) |
O11—C12—C13 | 108.6 (5) | C72—C74—H74A | 109.5 |
O11—C12—C14 | 111.8 (4) | C72—C74—H74B | 109.5 |
C13—C12—C14 | 114.9 (5) | H74A—C74—H74B | 109.5 |
O11—C12—H12A | 107.1 | C72—C74—H74C | 109.5 |
C13—C12—H12A | 107.1 | H74A—C74—H74C | 109.5 |
C14—C12—H12A | 107.1 | H74B—C74—H74C | 109.5 |
O2—Zr1—Ti2—O21 | −79.65 (13) | O61—Zr1—O2—Ti2i | 115.4 (3) |
O1—Zr1—Ti2—O21 | 92.81 (16) | O63i—Zr1—O2—Ti2i | −81.7 (2) |
O2i—Zr1—Ti2—O21 | −89.65 (16) | O11—Zr1—O2—Ti2i | −46.6 (3) |
O61—Zr1—Ti2—O21 | −7.05 (12) | O73—Zr1—O2—Ti2i | 64.9 (3) |
O63i—Zr1—Ti2—O21 | −156.47 (12) | Ti2—Zr1—O2—Ti2i | −168.3 (2) |
O11—Zr1—Ti2—O21 | 132.19 (13) | Ti3—Zr1—O2—Ti2i | −113.8 (3) |
O73—Zr1—Ti2—O21 | 57.72 (13) | Zr1i—Zr1—O2—Ti2i | −162.5 (3) |
Ti3—Zr1—Ti2—O21 | 113.10 (11) | O1—Zr1—O2—Zr1i | −12.8 (2) |
Zr1i—Zr1—Ti2—O21 | −83.35 (10) | O2i—Zr1—O2—Zr1i | 0.0 |
O2—Zr1—Ti2—O2i | 10.00 (19) | O53i—Zr1—O2—Zr1i | 172.10 (14) |
O1—Zr1—Ti2—O2i | −177.54 (17) | O61—Zr1—O2—Zr1i | −82.13 (12) |
O61—Zr1—Ti2—O2i | 82.60 (14) | O63i—Zr1—O2—Zr1i | 80.74 (12) |
O63i—Zr1—Ti2—O2i | −66.83 (14) | O11—Zr1—O2—Zr1i | 115.89 (15) |
O11—Zr1—Ti2—O2i | −138.16 (14) | O73—Zr1—O2—Zr1i | −132.66 (12) |
O73—Zr1—Ti2—O2i | 147.37 (14) | Ti2—Zr1—O2—Zr1i | −5.85 (11) |
Ti3—Zr1—Ti2—O2i | −157.25 (12) | Ti3—Zr1—O2—Zr1i | 48.7 (4) |
Zr1i—Zr1—Ti2—O2i | 6.30 (12) | O31—Ti3—O11—C12 | 4.4 (4) |
O2—Zr1—Ti2—O1 | −172.46 (14) | O1—Ti3—O11—C12 | −173.3 (4) |
O2i—Zr1—Ti2—O1 | 177.54 (17) | O71—Ti3—O11—C12 | 97.7 (4) |
O61—Zr1—Ti2—O1 | −99.86 (14) | O41—Ti3—O11—C12 | −84.0 (4) |
O63i—Zr1—Ti2—O1 | 110.72 (14) | O45—Ti3—O11—C12 | −166.3 (5) |
O11—Zr1—Ti2—O1 | 39.39 (14) | Zr1—Ti3—O11—C12 | 178.2 (4) |
O73—Zr1—Ti2—O1 | −35.09 (14) | O31—Ti3—O11—Zr1 | −173.82 (13) |
Ti3—Zr1—Ti2—O1 | 20.29 (12) | O1—Ti3—O11—Zr1 | 8.46 (11) |
Zr1i—Zr1—Ti2—O1 | −176.16 (12) | O71—Ti3—O11—Zr1 | −80.51 (13) |
O2—Zr1—Ti2—O51 | 22.99 (14) | O41—Ti3—O11—Zr1 | 97.77 (12) |
O1—Zr1—Ti2—O51 | −164.56 (17) | O45—Ti3—O11—Zr1 | 15.5 (5) |
O2i—Zr1—Ti2—O51 | 12.99 (16) | O2—Zr1—O11—C12 | 25.2 (4) |
O61—Zr1—Ti2—O51 | 95.59 (13) | O1—Zr1—O11—C12 | 173.3 (3) |
O63i—Zr1—Ti2—O51 | −53.84 (13) | O2i—Zr1—O11—C12 | 124.4 (3) |
O11—Zr1—Ti2—O51 | −125.17 (13) | O53i—Zr1—O11—C12 | −29.8 (3) |
O73—Zr1—Ti2—O51 | 160.35 (14) | O61—Zr1—O11—C12 | −127.3 (3) |
Ti3—Zr1—Ti2—O51 | −144.27 (12) | O63i—Zr1—O11—C12 | 61.6 (3) |
Zr1i—Zr1—Ti2—O51 | 19.28 (11) | O73—Zr1—O11—C12 | −103.3 (3) |
O2—Zr1—Ti2—O43 | 99.15 (11) | Ti2—Zr1—O11—C12 | 149.9 (3) |
O1—Zr1—Ti2—O43 | −88.39 (15) | Ti3—Zr1—O11—C12 | −178.4 (4) |
O2i—Zr1—Ti2—O43 | 89.15 (14) | Zr1i—Zr1—O11—C12 | 86.5 (3) |
O61—Zr1—Ti2—O43 | 171.75 (10) | O2—Zr1—O11—Ti3 | −156.34 (12) |
O63i—Zr1—Ti2—O43 | 22.33 (11) | O1—Zr1—O11—Ti3 | −8.23 (10) |
O11—Zr1—Ti2—O43 | −49.01 (11) | O2i—Zr1—O11—Ti3 | −57.16 (15) |
O73—Zr1—Ti2—O43 | −123.48 (11) | O53i—Zr1—O11—Ti3 | 148.59 (14) |
Ti3—Zr1—Ti2—O43 | −68.10 (8) | O61—Zr1—O11—Ti3 | 51.2 (2) |
Zr1i—Zr1—Ti2—O43 | 95.45 (8) | O63i—Zr1—O11—Ti3 | −120.00 (14) |
O2—Zr1—Ti2—O47 | 179.28 (14) | O73—Zr1—O11—Ti3 | 75.13 (12) |
O1—Zr1—Ti2—O47 | −8.27 (16) | Ti2—Zr1—O11—Ti3 | −31.70 (11) |
O2i—Zr1—Ti2—O47 | 169.28 (17) | Zr1i—Zr1—O11—Ti3 | −95.12 (14) |
O61—Zr1—Ti2—O47 | −108.12 (14) | Ti3—O11—C12—C13 | −69.9 (5) |
O63i—Zr1—Ti2—O47 | 102.45 (14) | Zr1—O11—C12—C13 | 108.0 (4) |
O11—Zr1—Ti2—O47 | 31.12 (14) | Ti3—O11—C12—C14 | 57.9 (6) |
O73—Zr1—Ti2—O47 | −43.36 (14) | Zr1—O11—C12—C14 | −124.2 (4) |
Ti3—Zr1—Ti2—O47 | 12.02 (12) | O2i—Ti2—O21—C22 | 136.2 (8) |
Zr1i—Zr1—Ti2—O47 | 175.57 (12) | O1—Ti2—O21—C22 | −139.5 (8) |
O2—Zr1—Ti3—O31 | 97.2 (4) | O51—Ti2—O21—C22 | 46.3 (8) |
O1—Zr1—Ti3—O31 | 177.1 (2) | O43—Ti2—O21—C22 | 2.1 (10) |
O2i—Zr1—Ti3—O31 | 143.4 (2) | O47—Ti2—O21—C22 | −53.5 (8) |
O53i—Zr1—Ti3—O31 | −22.6 (2) | Zr1—Ti2—O21—C22 | 178.4 (8) |
O61—Zr1—Ti3—O31 | −135.8 (2) | Ti2—O21—C22—C24 | 10.0 (13) |
O63i—Zr1—Ti3—O31 | 66.0 (2) | Ti2—O21—C22—C23 | −112.1 (9) |
O11—Zr1—Ti3—O31 | 10.8 (2) | O11—Ti3—O31—C32A | −162 (2) |
O73—Zr1—Ti3—O31 | −81.7 (2) | O71—Ti3—O31—C32A | 107 (2) |
Ti2—Zr1—Ti3—O31 | 156.0 (2) | O41—Ti3—O31—C32A | −71 (2) |
Zr1i—Zr1—Ti3—O31 | 134.7 (2) | O45—Ti3—O31—C32A | 15 (2) |
O2—Zr1—Ti3—O11 | 86.4 (3) | Zr1—Ti3—O31—C32A | −170 (2) |
O1—Zr1—Ti3—O11 | 166.30 (17) | O11—Ti3—O31—C32B | −121.0 (18) |
O2i—Zr1—Ti3—O11 | 132.58 (14) | O71—Ti3—O31—C32B | 148.0 (18) |
O53i—Zr1—Ti3—O11 | −33.36 (15) | O41—Ti3—O31—C32B | −30.0 (18) |
O61—Zr1—Ti3—O11 | −146.61 (15) | O45—Ti3—O31—C32B | 56.5 (18) |
O63i—Zr1—Ti3—O11 | 55.17 (14) | Zr1—Ti3—O31—C32B | −128.6 (18) |
O73—Zr1—Ti3—O11 | −92.48 (15) | C32B—O31—C32A—C33A | 144 (6) |
Ti2—Zr1—Ti3—O11 | 145.19 (13) | Ti3—O31—C32A—C33A | −127 (2) |
Zr1i—Zr1—Ti3—O11 | 123.92 (13) | C32B—O31—C32A—C34A | 8 (4) |
O2—Zr1—Ti3—O1 | −79.9 (3) | Ti3—O31—C32A—C34A | 97 (3) |
O2i—Zr1—Ti3—O1 | −33.71 (14) | C32A—O31—C32B—C33B | 41 (4) |
O53i—Zr1—Ti3—O1 | 160.35 (15) | Ti3—O31—C32B—C33B | −87 (3) |
O61—Zr1—Ti3—O1 | 47.09 (14) | C32A—O31—C32B—C34B | −90 (5) |
O63i—Zr1—Ti3—O1 | −111.13 (14) | Ti3—O31—C32B—C34B | 141.8 (16) |
O11—Zr1—Ti3—O1 | −166.30 (17) | O31—Ti3—O41—C42 | −178.2 (5) |
O73—Zr1—Ti3—O1 | 101.22 (15) | O11—Ti3—O41—C42 | −74.8 (5) |
Ti2—Zr1—Ti3—O1 | −21.10 (12) | O1—Ti3—O41—C42 | 5.2 (5) |
Zr1i—Zr1—Ti3—O1 | −42.38 (13) | O45—Ti3—O41—C42 | 90.0 (5) |
O2—Zr1—Ti3—O71 | −176.5 (3) | Zr1—Ti3—O41—C42 | −32.0 (5) |
O1—Zr1—Ti3—O71 | −96.58 (16) | Ti3—O41—C42—O43 | −16.3 (8) |
O2i—Zr1—Ti3—O71 | −130.29 (12) | Ti3—O41—C42—C44 | 164.2 (4) |
O53i—Zr1—Ti3—O71 | 63.77 (13) | O41—C42—O43—Ti2 | −4.4 (7) |
O61—Zr1—Ti3—O71 | −49.49 (12) | C44—C42—O43—Ti2 | 175.1 (3) |
O63i—Zr1—Ti3—O71 | 152.29 (12) | O21—Ti2—O43—C42 | −117.0 (5) |
O11—Zr1—Ti3—O71 | 97.12 (16) | O2i—Ti2—O43—C42 | 107.6 (4) |
O73—Zr1—Ti3—O71 | 4.64 (12) | O1—Ti2—O43—C42 | 25.9 (4) |
Ti2—Zr1—Ti3—O71 | −117.68 (10) | O51—Ti2—O43—C42 | −162.4 (4) |
Zr1i—Zr1—Ti3—O71 | −138.96 (10) | O47—Ti2—O43—C42 | −60.3 (4) |
O2—Zr1—Ti3—O41 | 1.1 (3) | Zr1—Ti2—O43—C42 | 66.6 (4) |
O1—Zr1—Ti3—O41 | 81.03 (15) | O31—Ti3—O45—C46 | −144.2 (4) |
O2i—Zr1—Ti3—O41 | 47.32 (12) | O11—Ti3—O45—C46 | 26.7 (8) |
O53i—Zr1—Ti3—O41 | −118.62 (13) | O1—Ti3—O45—C46 | 33.7 (4) |
O61—Zr1—Ti3—O41 | 128.13 (12) | O71—Ti3—O45—C46 | 122.6 (4) |
O63i—Zr1—Ti3—O41 | −30.09 (12) | O41—Ti3—O45—C46 | −56.2 (4) |
O11—Zr1—Ti3—O41 | −85.26 (15) | Zr1—Ti3—O45—C46 | 39.1 (5) |
O73—Zr1—Ti3—O41 | −177.74 (13) | Ti3—O45—C46—O47 | 1.5 (8) |
Ti2—Zr1—Ti3—O41 | 59.93 (9) | Ti3—O45—C46—C48 | −178.0 (4) |
Zr1i—Zr1—Ti3—O41 | 38.65 (10) | O45—C46—O47—Ti2 | −34.4 (8) |
O2—Zr1—Ti3—O45 | −88.8 (3) | C48—C46—O47—Ti2 | 145.1 (4) |
O1—Zr1—Ti3—O45 | −8.91 (16) | O21—Ti2—O47—C46 | −89.8 (5) |
O2i—Zr1—Ti3—O45 | −42.62 (13) | O2i—Ti2—O47—C46 | 49.0 (8) |
O53i—Zr1—Ti3—O45 | 151.44 (14) | O1—Ti2—O47—C46 | 14.3 (4) |
O61—Zr1—Ti3—O45 | 38.18 (14) | O51—Ti2—O47—C46 | −178.4 (4) |
O63i—Zr1—Ti3—O45 | −120.03 (13) | O43—Ti2—O47—C46 | 105.8 (5) |
O11—Zr1—Ti3—O45 | −175.20 (17) | Zr1—Ti2—O47—C46 | 19.7 (5) |
O73—Zr1—Ti3—O45 | 92.32 (14) | O21—Ti2—O51—C52 | 72.6 (4) |
Ti2—Zr1—Ti3—O45 | −30.01 (11) | O2i—Ti2—O51—C52 | −29.3 (4) |
Zr1i—Zr1—Ti3—O45 | −51.29 (12) | O1—Ti2—O51—C52 | −83.8 (6) |
O21—Ti2—O1—Ti3 | 129.2 (2) | O43—Ti2—O51—C52 | −120.6 (4) |
O2i—Ti2—O1—Ti3 | −130.5 (2) | O47—Ti2—O51—C52 | 161.3 (3) |
O51—Ti2—O1—Ti3 | −75.2 (5) | Zr1—Ti2—O51—C52 | −37.8 (4) |
O43—Ti2—O1—Ti3 | −39.3 (2) | Ti2—O51—C52—O53 | 11.2 (6) |
O47—Ti2—O1—Ti3 | 41.2 (2) | Ti2—O51—C52—C54 | −167.8 (3) |
Zr1—Ti2—O1—Ti3 | −132.1 (3) | O51—C52—O53—Zr1i | 30.5 (7) |
O21—Ti2—O1—Zr1 | −98.70 (14) | C54—C52—O53—Zr1i | −150.5 (4) |
O2i—Ti2—O1—Zr1 | 1.63 (11) | O2—Zr1—O61—C62 | 40.7 (4) |
O51—Ti2—O1—Zr1 | 56.9 (5) | O1—Zr1—O61—C62 | −103.2 (4) |
O43—Ti2—O1—Zr1 | 92.86 (12) | O2i—Zr1—O61—C62 | −33.6 (4) |
O47—Ti2—O1—Zr1 | 173.37 (13) | O53i—Zr1—O61—C62 | 113.9 (4) |
O11—Ti3—O1—Ti2 | 121.3 (2) | O63i—Zr1—O61—C62 | 7.5 (5) |
O71—Ti3—O1—Ti2 | −148.3 (2) | O11—Zr1—O61—C62 | −156.4 (3) |
O41—Ti3—O1—Ti2 | 29.8 (2) | O73—Zr1—O61—C62 | 179.0 (4) |
O45—Ti3—O1—Ti2 | −56.9 (2) | Ti2—Zr1—O61—C62 | −68.1 (4) |
Zr1—Ti3—O1—Ti2 | 130.7 (3) | Ti3—Zr1—O61—C62 | −127.5 (3) |
O11—Ti3—O1—Zr1 | −9.43 (12) | Zr1i—Zr1—O61—C62 | 3.0 (3) |
O71—Ti3—O1—Zr1 | 80.95 (13) | Zr1—O61—C62—O63 | −1.3 (7) |
O41—Ti3—O1—Zr1 | −100.95 (13) | Zr1—O61—C62—C64 | 179.4 (3) |
O45—Ti3—O1—Zr1 | 172.44 (14) | O61—C62—O63—Zr1i | −3.5 (6) |
O2—Zr1—O1—Ti2 | 11.6 (2) | C64—C62—O63—Zr1i | 175.7 (3) |
O2i—Zr1—O1—Ti2 | −1.46 (10) | O31—Ti3—O71—C72 | 137.7 (4) |
O53i—Zr1—O1—Ti2 | −176.23 (13) | O11—Ti3—O71—C72 | 34.3 (4) |
O61—Zr1—O1—Ti2 | 76.80 (12) | O1—Ti3—O71—C72 | −45.7 (4) |
O63i—Zr1—O1—Ti2 | −73.05 (13) | O45—Ti3—O71—C72 | −130.5 (4) |
O11—Zr1—O1—Ti2 | −137.23 (14) | Zr1—Ti3—O71—C72 | −8.3 (4) |
O73—Zr1—O1—Ti2 | 145.96 (13) | Ti3—O71—C72—O73 | 8.2 (7) |
Ti3—Zr1—O1—Ti2 | −145.59 (19) | Ti3—O71—C72—C74 | −170.9 (4) |
Zr1i—Zr1—O1—Ti2 | 3.73 (12) | O71—C72—O73—Zr1 | 0.2 (7) |
O2—Zr1—O1—Ti3 | 157.16 (12) | C74—C72—O73—Zr1 | 179.2 (4) |
O2i—Zr1—O1—Ti3 | 144.13 (14) | O2—Zr1—O73—C72 | 175.9 (4) |
O53i—Zr1—O1—Ti3 | −30.6 (2) | O1—Zr1—O73—C72 | 29.9 (4) |
O61—Zr1—O1—Ti3 | −137.61 (12) | O2i—Zr1—O73—C72 | 75.0 (4) |
O63i—Zr1—O1—Ti3 | 72.54 (13) | O53i—Zr1—O73—C72 | −126.6 (4) |
O11—Zr1—O1—Ti3 | 8.36 (11) | O61—Zr1—O73—C72 | 122.7 (4) |
O73—Zr1—O1—Ti3 | −68.45 (12) | O63i—Zr1—O73—C72 | −64.5 (5) |
Ti2—Zr1—O1—Ti3 | 145.59 (19) | O11—Zr1—O73—C72 | −40.9 (4) |
Zr1i—Zr1—O1—Ti3 | 149.32 (9) | Ti2—Zr1—O73—C72 | 50.0 (4) |
O1—Zr1—O2—Ti2i | −175.29 (19) | Ti3—Zr1—O73—C72 | −4.4 (4) |
O2i—Zr1—O2—Ti2i | −162.5 (3) | Zr1i—Zr1—O73—C72 | 129.2 (4) |
O53i—Zr1—O2—Ti2i | 9.6 (2) |
Symmetry code: (i) −x+1, −y+2, −z+2. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | [Ti4Zr2(C2H3O2)10(C3H7O)6O4] |
Mr | 1383.00 |
Crystal system, space group | Triclinic, P1 |
Temperature (K) | 296 |
a, b, c (Å) | 10.1178 (4), 11.9884 (5), 12.3722 (4) |
α, β, γ (°) | 94.713 (2), 90.775 (2), 105.608 (2) |
V (Å3) | 1439.48 (9) |
Z | 1 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.96 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.20 × 0.07 × 0.04 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Nonius KappaCCD |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SORTAV; Blessing, 1995) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.832, 0.969 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 15521, 5064, 4164 |
Rint | 0.053 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.595 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.043, 0.116, 1.04 |
No. of reflections | 5064 |
No. of parameters | 343 |
No. of restraints | 28 |
H-atom treatment | H-atom parameters constrained |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.45, −0.62 |
Computer programs: COLLECT (Nonius, 2001), DENZO-SMN (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997), DENZO-SMN, SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997), SHELXTL/PC (Sheldrick, 2001), SHELXTL/PC.
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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials have been widely used as photocatalysts, optical coatings and electrodes in solar cells for numerous reasons. They possess favorable opto-electrical properties, and further, they are inexpensive, chemically stable and non-toxic. This field was pioneered by Fujishima & Honda (1972) with their work on the photo–induced splitting of water in the suspensions of micrometer sized titania. The performance depends on some important properties such as surface area, crystal size, thermal stability and quantum efficiency (Ohtani et al., 1997; Pal et al., 2007). These properties depend highly on both the synthesis method, and the subsequent thermal treatment technique, i.e. calcination.
In some cases, doping with a second metal has been found to be very effective in improving the properties of TiO2. Zirconia has been reported as one of the most suitable dopants to enhance the thermal stability and activity of TiO2 nanomaterials (Hernandez-Alonso et al., 2006; Durr et al., 2006; Kitiyanan et al., 2006). Binary metal oxides are synthesized by the Sol-Gel process because it has the ability to produce large scale homogeneous multicomponent metal oxides with lower cost and milder operating conditions compared to the CVD sputtering method (Mihaiu et al., 2007). Laaziz et al. (1992) produced Ti—Zr metal oxide crystals using a 1:1 molar ratio of titanium and zirconium precursors by acetic acid modified Sol-gel process in n-propanol. The resulting crystal structure was Zr6Ti3(OPr)16(OAc)8O6.
The Sol-gel process in supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) has the potential to produce new and high quality materials. SiO2 aerogel (Sui et al., 2004), ZrO2 monolith (Sui et al., 2006), and TiO2 nanofibers (Sui et al., 2005) were produced by poly condensation of acetic acid with respective alkoxide and amorphous ZrO2 by a reverse microemulsion process (Lee et al., 2006). To the best of our knowledge, no one has produced binary metal oxide single crystals in supercritical CO2. It is important to investigate the single-crystal structure of binary metal alkoxides to understand the chemistry and the mechanism of nanostructure formation during the Sol-gel process in ScCO2.
Towards this end we attempted to synthesize an acetic-acid-modified Ti—Zr propoxide in ScCO2 using an acid:alkoxide ratio of 1.33:1. This yielded colourless plates which were fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The results of the study revealed a "raft" style hexanuclear mixed metal complex, Ti4Zr2(µ3-O)4 (µ-O2CCH3)10(µ-OiPr)2(OiPr)4, see Scheme. The molecule resided on a centre of symmetry, so only half of the molecule comprises the asymmetric unit. One of the terminal isopropoxide ligands is disordered and was modelled isotropically in equal ratios.
The core of the heterometallic structure consists of two Zr atoms and four Ti atoms linked by triply-bridging O atoms. The compound is also linked together via 10 bridging acetate ligands, 2 bridging isopropoxide ligands with the coordination completed by 4 isopropoxide ligands (Fig. 1). The titanium centers are surrounded by a distorted octahedron of O atoms, which is typical, as is the higher coordination number observed for the zirconium centers, in this case, 8. The µ3-oxo groups appear to be sp2 hybridized (average sum of angles = 352.0°).
Metal pure Titanium or Zirconium hexametallic species have been known to form prismatic hexagons, or octahedrons or "raft" style complexes. A search of the CSD V5.28 (Allen, 2002) revealed only two other hexametallic Zr—Ti metal clusters and they were both "raft" style. The crystal structures of the two complexes Ti2Zr4(µ3-O)4(µ-O2CC(CH3)(CH2))10(µ-OnBu)2(O2CC(CH3) (CH2))4and Ti4Zr2(µ3-O)4(µ-O2CC(CH3)(CH2))10 (µ-OnBu)2(OnBu)4 were determined by Moraru et al. (2001). As with the title compound both of these complexes crystallize in space group P-1 with Z = 1.