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The microstuctural evolution of plastically deformed steels has been studied by small-angle neutron scattering at ambient temperature in the range of momentum transfer q = (4π/λ)sin(θ/2) = 0.01–5 nm−1 where λ is neutron wavelength and θ is the scattering angle. Samples of austenite stainless steels were pulled on a standard bench to cause a plastic deformation, S = 0–60%, up to the fracture of the material. As a result of the deformation an increase of an order of magnitude was observed in the scatterred intensity I(q)~1/[1+(qRC)2](6-Ds)/2. The analysis of the I(q) distribution has shown the surface fractal nature of the observed nano-scale structures. The evolution of internal surface via intensive growth of pores (size RC~20–40 nm) was found and a linear decrease of the surface fractal dimension 2.9≥Ds(S)≥2.1 was observed. These findings can be used to design the fracture criteria for materials of industrial application.