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ISSN: 2056-9890

Benzyl 2-methyl-3-[(E)-(thio­phen-2-yl)methyl­­idene]di­thio­carbazate

aDepartment of Chemistry, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh, bDepartment of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and cChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
*Correspondence e-mail: edward.tiekink@gmail.com

(Received 21 March 2012; accepted 23 March 2012; online 28 March 2012)

In the title compound, C14H14N2S3, the thione S atom and methyl group are syn, as are the two thio­ether S atoms. The mol­ecule is twisted, the dihedral angles between the central (C2N2S2) residue and the pendent 2-thienyl and phenyl rings being 21.57 (6) and 77.54 (3)°, respectively. In the crystal, mol­ecules assemble into a three-dimensional architecture via C—H⋯π inter­actions, involving both the five- and six-membered rings as acceptors, as well as S⋯S inter­actions [3.3406 (5) Å] between centrosymmetrically related 2-thienyl rings.

Related literature

For the biological activity of related Schiff base compounds, see: Hazari et al. (2002[Hazari, S. K. S., Dey, B. K., Palit, D., Ganguli, B. & Sen, K. (2002). Ceylon J. Sci. Phys. Sci. 9, 23-30.]). For a related structure, see: Scovill & Silverton (1980[Scovill, J. P. & Silverton, J. V. (1980). J. Org. Chem. 45, 4372-4376.]).

[Scheme 1]

Experimental

Crystal data
  • C14H14N2S3

  • Mr = 306.45

  • Monoclinic, P 21 /n

  • a = 6.0585 (1) Å

  • b = 19.3774 (5) Å

  • c = 12.5769 (3) Å

  • β = 103.200 (2)°

  • V = 1437.49 (6) Å3

  • Z = 4

  • Cu Kα radiation

  • μ = 4.60 mm−1

  • T = 100 K

  • 0.15 × 0.15 × 0.15 mm

Data collection
  • Agilent SuperNova Dual diffractometer with an Atlas detector

  • Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2011[Agilent (2011). CrysAlis PRO. Agilent Technologies, Yarnton, England.]) Tmin = 0.871, Tmax = 1.000

  • 5742 measured reflections

  • 2958 independent reflections

  • 2746 reflections with I > 2σ(I)

  • Rint = 0.017

Refinement
  • R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.029

  • wR(F2) = 0.080

  • S = 1.04

  • 2958 reflections

  • 173 parameters

  • H-atom parameters constrained

  • Δρmax = 0.29 e Å−3

  • Δρmin = −0.50 e Å−3

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

Cg1 and Cg2 are the centroids of the S1,C1–C4 and C9–C14 rings, respectively.

D—H⋯A D—H H⋯A DA D—H⋯A
C6—H6ACg1i 0.98 2.85 3.4021 (17) 117
C8—H8ACg2ii 0.99 2.80 3.4795 (15) 127
Symmetry codes: (i) [x+{\script{1\over 2}}, -y+{\script{1\over 2}}, z+{\script{1\over 2}}]; (ii) -x+3, -y+1, -z+1.

Data collection: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2011[Agilent (2011). CrysAlis PRO. Agilent Technologies, Yarnton, England.]); cell refinement: CrysAlis PRO; data reduction: CrysAlis PRO; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 (Farrugia, 1997[Farrugia, L. J. (1997). J. Appl. Cryst. 30, 565.]) and DIAMOND (Brandenburg, 2006[Brandenburg, K. (2006). DIAMOND. Crystal Impact GbR, Bonn, Germany.]); software used to prepare material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2010[Westrip, S. P. (2010). J. Appl. Cryst. 43, 920-925.]).

Supporting information


Comment top

As a continuation of systematic studies into the synthesis, characterization and biological activities of substituted Schiff base ligands and their metal complexes (Hazari et al., 2002), crystals of the title compound, (I), were isolated and characterized crystallographically.

In (I), Fig. 1, the conformation about the imine N1C5 bond [1.2876 (18) Å] is E. The six atoms of the central residue (S2,S3,N1,N2,C6 & C7) are co-planar having a r.m.s. deviation for the fitted atoms of 0.0395 Å. The maximum deviations from this plane are 0.0478 (7) Å for the S2 atom and -0.0557 (7) Å for the N1 atom. The 2-thienyl and phenyl rings form dihedral angles of 21.57 (6) and 77.54 (3)°, respectively, with the central plane, indicating a twisted molecule. In a rare example of a closely related compound, an S-methyl ester, the extreme ends of the molecule are both co-planar with the central residue (Scovill & Silverton, 1980). In (I), the thione-S and methyl group are syn, as are the two thioether-S atoms.

Molecules are consolidated into a three-dimensional architecture by C—H···π interactions, involving both the five- and six-membered rings as acceptors, Table 1, as well as S1···S1i interactions [distance = 3.3406 (5) Å for symmetry operation i: 1 - x, 1 - y, -z] between centrosymmetrically related 2-thienyl rings, Fig. 2.

Related literature top

For the biological activity of related Schiff base compounds, see: Hazari et al. (2002). For a related structure, see: Scovill & Silverton (1980).

Experimental top

The title compound was isolated after a four step synthetic procedure. Synthesis of N-methyl-S-benzyldithiocarbazate: Potassium hydroxide (11.5 g), was dissolved in 90% ethanol (60 ml) and the mixture was cooled down to 273 K in an ice-bath. To this, methyl hydrazine (11.1 ml) was added slowly with mechanical stirring. A solution of carbondisulfide (12 ml) was added drop-wise from a burette with constant stirring over a period of 1 h. During this addition, the temperature of the reaction mixture was not to allowed to rise above 279 K. A yellow solution was obtained. Benzyl chloride (25 mL) was then added drop-wise with vigorous mechanical stirring. After the complete addition, the mixture was stirred for further 15 min, whereupon well formed crystals appeared. The product was separated by filtration and washed with water and recrystallized from ethanol and dried in a vacuum desiccator over silica gel. Yield: 15.75 g. M.pt: 373–375 K.

Synthesis of (I): A hot solution thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde (1.05 ml, 10 mmol) in absolute ethanol (40 ml) was mixed with a hot solution of N-methyl-S-benzyldithiocarbazate (2.12 g, 10 mmol) in the same solvent (40 ml). The mixture was refluxed for 6 h. on a water bath. After reducing a pale-red product appeared which was filtered off. This product was washed with ethanol several times (3 × 2 ml) and dried in a vacuum desiccator over silica gel. Yield: 1.55 g. M.pt: 433–435 K.

Attempted preparation of the dioxomolybdenum(VI) complex with (I): [MoO2(acac)2] (10 mmol) was dissolved in dry ethanol (40 ml) to which a hot solution of L (10 mmol) in dry ethanol (40 ml) was added. The mixture was refluxed for 6 h. on a water bath. After reducing the volume and standing overnight a light-blue product appeared, which was washed with ethanol for several times and dried in a vacuum desiccator over silica gel. M. pt: of product was > 493 K. Crystallization: The product was dissolved in ethanol to which half volume of petroleum ether was added (10/5 ml v/v). The solution was left for several days after which the title compound, (I), was deposited as crystals.

Refinement top

The C-bound H-atoms were placed in calculated positions (C—H = 0.95–0.99 Å) and were included in the refinement in the riding model approximation, with Uiso(H) = 1.2–1.5Uequiv(C).

Structure description top

As a continuation of systematic studies into the synthesis, characterization and biological activities of substituted Schiff base ligands and their metal complexes (Hazari et al., 2002), crystals of the title compound, (I), were isolated and characterized crystallographically.

In (I), Fig. 1, the conformation about the imine N1C5 bond [1.2876 (18) Å] is E. The six atoms of the central residue (S2,S3,N1,N2,C6 & C7) are co-planar having a r.m.s. deviation for the fitted atoms of 0.0395 Å. The maximum deviations from this plane are 0.0478 (7) Å for the S2 atom and -0.0557 (7) Å for the N1 atom. The 2-thienyl and phenyl rings form dihedral angles of 21.57 (6) and 77.54 (3)°, respectively, with the central plane, indicating a twisted molecule. In a rare example of a closely related compound, an S-methyl ester, the extreme ends of the molecule are both co-planar with the central residue (Scovill & Silverton, 1980). In (I), the thione-S and methyl group are syn, as are the two thioether-S atoms.

Molecules are consolidated into a three-dimensional architecture by C—H···π interactions, involving both the five- and six-membered rings as acceptors, Table 1, as well as S1···S1i interactions [distance = 3.3406 (5) Å for symmetry operation i: 1 - x, 1 - y, -z] between centrosymmetrically related 2-thienyl rings, Fig. 2.

For the biological activity of related Schiff base compounds, see: Hazari et al. (2002). For a related structure, see: Scovill & Silverton (1980).

Computing details top

Data collection: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2011); cell refinement: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2011); data reduction: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2011); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 (Farrugia, 1997) and DIAMOND (Brandenburg, 2006); software used to prepare material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2010).

Figures top
[Figure 1] Fig. 1. The molecular structure of (I) showing the atom-labelling scheme and displacement ellipsoids at the 50% probability level.
[Figure 2] Fig. 2. A view of the unit-cell contents in projection down the a axis in (I). The C—H···π and S···S interactions are shown as purple and orange dashed lines, respectively.
Benzyl 2-methyl-3-[(E)-(thiophen-2-yl)methylidene]dithiocarbazate top
Crystal data top
C14H14N2S3F(000) = 640
Mr = 306.45Dx = 1.416 Mg m3
Monoclinic, P21/nCu Kα radiation, λ = 1.54184 Å
Hall symbol: -P 2ynCell parameters from 3411 reflections
a = 6.0585 (1) Åθ = 3.6–76.3°
b = 19.3774 (5) ŵ = 4.60 mm1
c = 12.5769 (3) ÅT = 100 K
β = 103.200 (2)°Block, yellow-green
V = 1437.49 (6) Å30.15 × 0.15 × 0.15 mm
Z = 4
Data collection top
Agilent SuperNova Dual
diffractometer with an Atlas detector
2958 independent reflections
Radiation source: SuperNova (Cu) X-ray Source2746 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Mirror monochromatorRint = 0.017
Detector resolution: 10.4041 pixels mm-1θmax = 76.5°, θmin = 4.3°
ω scanh = 76
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2011)
k = 2124
Tmin = 0.871, Tmax = 1.000l = 1415
5742 measured reflections
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: fullSecondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.029Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F2) = 0.080H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.04 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0498P)2 + 0.373P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
2958 reflections(Δ/σ)max = 0.001
173 parametersΔρmax = 0.29 e Å3
0 restraintsΔρmin = 0.50 e Å3
Crystal data top
C14H14N2S3V = 1437.49 (6) Å3
Mr = 306.45Z = 4
Monoclinic, P21/nCu Kα radiation
a = 6.0585 (1) ŵ = 4.60 mm1
b = 19.3774 (5) ÅT = 100 K
c = 12.5769 (3) Å0.15 × 0.15 × 0.15 mm
β = 103.200 (2)°
Data collection top
Agilent SuperNova Dual
diffractometer with an Atlas detector
2958 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2011)
2746 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Tmin = 0.871, Tmax = 1.000Rint = 0.017
5742 measured reflections
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.0290 restraints
wR(F2) = 0.080H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.04Δρmax = 0.29 e Å3
2958 reflectionsΔρmin = 0.50 e Å3
173 parameters
Special details top

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
S10.38152 (6)0.42510 (2)0.02208 (3)0.02374 (11)
S20.98715 (5)0.412867 (18)0.30849 (3)0.01609 (10)
S31.13698 (6)0.28550 (2)0.44362 (3)0.02327 (11)
N10.6131 (2)0.34137 (6)0.21795 (9)0.0164 (2)
N20.7444 (2)0.30069 (6)0.29841 (9)0.0173 (2)
C10.1243 (3)0.43987 (9)0.06539 (13)0.0309 (4)
H10.09950.47370.12150.037*
C20.0402 (3)0.39739 (10)0.04503 (13)0.0308 (4)
H20.19310.39850.08550.037*
C30.0401 (3)0.35160 (8)0.04254 (12)0.0226 (3)
H30.05200.31850.06770.027*
C40.2703 (2)0.36066 (8)0.08760 (11)0.0176 (3)
C50.4082 (2)0.32207 (7)0.17652 (11)0.0171 (3)
H50.34790.28250.20440.020*
C60.6657 (3)0.23282 (8)0.32401 (13)0.0230 (3)
H6A0.78810.20900.37530.035*
H6B0.62110.20570.25680.035*
H6C0.53520.23820.35710.035*
C70.9478 (2)0.32789 (7)0.35022 (11)0.0161 (3)
C81.2618 (2)0.43443 (8)0.39547 (11)0.0182 (3)
H8A1.25690.43010.47330.022*
H8B1.37970.40280.38090.022*
C91.3146 (2)0.50761 (8)0.36994 (11)0.0167 (3)
C101.4672 (2)0.52084 (8)0.30438 (11)0.0186 (3)
H101.53290.48340.27370.022*
C111.5239 (3)0.58827 (8)0.28352 (12)0.0212 (3)
H111.62900.59670.23930.025*
C121.4274 (3)0.64340 (8)0.32713 (12)0.0217 (3)
H121.46630.68940.31290.026*
C131.2733 (3)0.63085 (8)0.39186 (12)0.0217 (3)
H131.20650.66840.42170.026*
C141.2175 (2)0.56349 (8)0.41276 (11)0.0204 (3)
H141.11200.55530.45680.025*
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
S10.0266 (2)0.0239 (2)0.01970 (19)0.00074 (14)0.00326 (14)0.00408 (13)
S20.01503 (17)0.01798 (18)0.01359 (17)0.00058 (12)0.00020 (12)0.00121 (11)
S30.02006 (18)0.0231 (2)0.0235 (2)0.00380 (13)0.00161 (14)0.00613 (14)
N10.0182 (6)0.0174 (6)0.0126 (5)0.0008 (4)0.0012 (4)0.0017 (4)
N20.0183 (6)0.0169 (6)0.0151 (5)0.0003 (5)0.0005 (4)0.0031 (4)
C10.0414 (10)0.0315 (9)0.0169 (7)0.0162 (7)0.0005 (7)0.0005 (6)
C20.0237 (8)0.0413 (10)0.0227 (8)0.0135 (7)0.0043 (6)0.0136 (7)
C30.0194 (7)0.0290 (8)0.0188 (7)0.0013 (6)0.0030 (5)0.0106 (6)
C40.0180 (6)0.0198 (7)0.0145 (6)0.0010 (5)0.0028 (5)0.0048 (5)
C50.0180 (6)0.0176 (6)0.0157 (6)0.0028 (5)0.0041 (5)0.0016 (5)
C60.0237 (7)0.0184 (7)0.0254 (7)0.0028 (6)0.0025 (6)0.0057 (6)
C70.0160 (6)0.0190 (6)0.0139 (6)0.0016 (5)0.0044 (5)0.0009 (5)
C80.0153 (6)0.0211 (7)0.0162 (6)0.0000 (5)0.0008 (5)0.0001 (5)
C90.0136 (6)0.0208 (7)0.0130 (6)0.0006 (5)0.0023 (5)0.0002 (5)
C100.0168 (6)0.0221 (7)0.0161 (6)0.0031 (5)0.0023 (5)0.0032 (5)
C110.0201 (7)0.0270 (8)0.0171 (7)0.0013 (6)0.0056 (5)0.0003 (6)
C120.0229 (7)0.0215 (7)0.0186 (7)0.0000 (6)0.0007 (6)0.0014 (6)
C130.0234 (7)0.0217 (7)0.0194 (7)0.0051 (6)0.0038 (6)0.0023 (5)
C140.0191 (7)0.0267 (8)0.0161 (6)0.0026 (6)0.0055 (5)0.0007 (5)
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
S1—C11.7139 (17)C6—H6A0.9800
S1—C41.7164 (15)C6—H6B0.9800
S2—C71.7610 (15)C6—H6C0.9800
S2—C81.8188 (14)C8—C91.504 (2)
S3—C71.6594 (14)C8—H8A0.9900
N1—C51.2876 (18)C8—H8B0.9900
N1—N21.3821 (16)C9—C101.3960 (19)
N2—C71.3615 (18)C9—C141.398 (2)
N2—C61.4597 (18)C10—C111.391 (2)
C1—C21.362 (3)C10—H100.9500
C1—H10.9500C11—C121.389 (2)
C2—C31.412 (2)C11—H110.9500
C2—H20.9500C12—C131.393 (2)
C3—C41.3915 (19)C12—H120.9500
C3—H30.9500C13—C141.388 (2)
C4—C51.443 (2)C13—H130.9500
C5—H50.9500C14—H140.9500
C1—S1—C491.75 (8)N2—C7—S3123.41 (11)
C7—S2—C8101.72 (7)N2—C7—S2112.87 (10)
C5—N1—N2118.12 (12)S3—C7—S2123.72 (8)
C7—N2—N1115.86 (11)C9—C8—S2107.34 (9)
C7—N2—C6123.27 (12)C9—C8—H8A110.2
N1—N2—C6120.86 (11)S2—C8—H8A110.2
C2—C1—S1112.07 (13)C9—C8—H8B110.2
C2—C1—H1124.0S2—C8—H8B110.2
S1—C1—H1124.0H8A—C8—H8B108.5
C1—C2—C3112.96 (14)C10—C9—C14118.61 (14)
C1—C2—H2123.5C10—C9—C8120.07 (13)
C3—C2—H2123.5C14—C9—C8121.30 (13)
C4—C3—C2111.92 (15)C11—C10—C9120.62 (13)
C4—C3—H3124.0C11—C10—H10119.7
C2—C3—H3124.0C9—C10—H10119.7
C3—C4—C5126.83 (14)C12—C11—C10120.22 (14)
C3—C4—S1111.30 (11)C12—C11—H11119.9
C5—C4—S1121.87 (11)C10—C11—H11119.9
N1—C5—C4119.83 (13)C11—C12—C13119.67 (14)
N1—C5—H5120.1C11—C12—H12120.2
C4—C5—H5120.1C13—C12—H12120.2
N2—C6—H6A109.5C14—C13—C12119.97 (14)
N2—C6—H6B109.5C14—C13—H13120.0
H6A—C6—H6B109.5C12—C13—H13120.0
N2—C6—H6C109.5C13—C14—C9120.90 (13)
H6A—C6—H6C109.5C13—C14—H14119.6
H6B—C6—H6C109.5C9—C14—H14119.6
C5—N1—N2—C7171.17 (12)C6—N2—C7—S2175.83 (11)
C5—N1—N2—C69.13 (19)C8—S2—C7—N2177.56 (10)
C4—S1—C1—C20.23 (13)C8—S2—C7—S31.90 (10)
S1—C1—C2—C30.11 (18)C7—S2—C8—C9178.59 (9)
C1—C2—C3—C40.10 (19)S2—C8—C9—C10102.29 (13)
C2—C3—C4—C5178.82 (13)S2—C8—C9—C1479.22 (14)
C2—C3—C4—S10.27 (16)C14—C9—C10—C110.9 (2)
C1—S1—C4—C30.28 (12)C8—C9—C10—C11177.58 (13)
C1—S1—C4—C5178.86 (12)C9—C10—C11—C120.5 (2)
N2—N1—C5—C4176.07 (12)C10—C11—C12—C130.0 (2)
C3—C4—C5—N1172.02 (13)C11—C12—C13—C140.2 (2)
S1—C4—C5—N18.98 (19)C12—C13—C14—C90.2 (2)
N1—N2—C7—S3176.06 (9)C10—C9—C14—C130.8 (2)
C6—N2—C7—S33.63 (19)C8—C9—C14—C13177.73 (13)
N1—N2—C7—S24.48 (15)
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
Cg1 and Cg2 are the centroids of the S1,C1–C4 and C9–C14 rings, respectively.
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C6—H6A···Cg1i0.982.853.4021 (17)117
C8—H8A···Cg2ii0.992.803.4795 (15)127
Symmetry codes: (i) x+1/2, y+1/2, z+1/2; (ii) x+3, y+1, z+1.

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formulaC14H14N2S3
Mr306.45
Crystal system, space groupMonoclinic, P21/n
Temperature (K)100
a, b, c (Å)6.0585 (1), 19.3774 (5), 12.5769 (3)
β (°) 103.200 (2)
V3)1437.49 (6)
Z4
Radiation typeCu Kα
µ (mm1)4.60
Crystal size (mm)0.15 × 0.15 × 0.15
Data collection
DiffractometerAgilent SuperNova Dual
diffractometer with an Atlas detector
Absorption correctionMulti-scan
(CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2011)
Tmin, Tmax0.871, 1.000
No. of measured, independent and
observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections
5742, 2958, 2746
Rint0.017
(sin θ/λ)max1)0.631
Refinement
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S 0.029, 0.080, 1.04
No. of reflections2958
No. of parameters173
H-atom treatmentH-atom parameters constrained
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å3)0.29, 0.50

Computer programs: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2011), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), ORTEP-3 (Farrugia, 1997) and DIAMOND (Brandenburg, 2006), publCIF (Westrip, 2010).

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
Cg1 and Cg2 are the centroids of the S1,C1–C4 and C9–C14 rings, respectively.
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C6—H6A···Cg1i0.982.853.4021 (17)117
C8—H8A···Cg2ii0.992.803.4795 (15)127
Symmetry codes: (i) x+1/2, y+1/2, z+1/2; (ii) x+3, y+1, z+1.
 

Footnotes

Additional correspondence author, e-mail: tapashir@yahoo.com.

Acknowledgements

The University Grants Commission, Bangladesh, is thanked for a fellowship to BG. We also thank the Ministry of Higher Education (Malaysia) for funding structural studies through the High-Impact Research scheme (UM.C/HIR/MOHE/SC/12).

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