Buy article online - an online subscription or single-article purchase is required to access this article.
Download citation
Download citation
link to html
The crystal structure of the title compound, C13H22N+·Br, has been determined as part of a study of the relationship between the sorption properties of montmorillonite and the architecture of the hydro­phobic layers formed by modifications of the clay mineral by amphiphilic compounds. In the crystal structure, benzyl­butyl­dimethyl­ammonium and bromide ions are linked via weak C—H...Br hydrogen-bonding inter­actions, with C—H...Br1 = 3.745 (2)–4.016 (2) Å. C—H...π inter­actions are also observed in the structure. The ammonium cations are packed in a pseudo-tetra­gonal `parquet'-style pattern, with encapsulated Br ions.

Supporting information

cif

Crystallographic Information File (CIF) https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536807042274/er2039sup1.cif
Contains datablocks I, global

hkl

Structure factor file (CIF format) https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536807042274/er2039Isup2.hkl
Contains datablock I

CCDC reference: 663675

Key indicators

  • Single-crystal X-ray study
  • T = 293 K
  • Mean [sigma](C-C) = 0.003 Å
  • R factor = 0.038
  • wR factor = 0.077
  • Data-to-parameter ratio = 34.5

checkCIF/PLATON results

No syntax errors found



Alert level B PLAT480_ALERT_4_B Long H...A H-Bond Reported H35 .. BR1 .. 3.42 Ang. PLAT480_ALERT_4_B Long H...A H-Bond Reported H2A .. BR1 .. 3.43 Ang.
Alert level C PLAT480_ALERT_4_C Long H...A H-Bond Reported H33 .. BR1 .. 3.02 Ang. PLAT480_ALERT_4_C Long H...A H-Bond Reported H36 .. BR1 .. 3.13 Ang. PLAT480_ALERT_4_C Long H...A H-Bond Reported H2C .. BR1 .. 3.12 Ang. PLAT480_ALERT_4_C Long H...A H-Bond Reported H4B .. BR1 .. 3.04 Ang. PLAT480_ALERT_4_C Long H...A H-Bond Reported H4A .. BR1 .. 3.19 Ang. PLAT480_ALERT_4_C Long H...A H-Bond Reported H11B .. BR1 .. 3.14 Ang. PLAT480_ALERT_4_C Long H...A H-Bond Reported H1A .. BR1 .. 3.13 Ang. PLAT480_ALERT_4_C Long H...A H-Bond Reported H11A .. BR1 .. 3.26 Ang. PLAT481_ALERT_4_C Long D...A H-Bond Reported C11 .. BR1 .. 4.10 Ang. PLAT481_ALERT_4_C Long D...A H-Bond Reported C11 .. BR1 .. 4.22 Ang. PLAT481_ALERT_4_C Long D...A H-Bond Reported C35 .. BR1 .. 4.12 Ang. PLAT481_ALERT_4_C Long D...A H-Bond Reported C2 .. BR1 .. 4.24 Ang. PLAT481_ALERT_4_C Long D...A H-Bond Reported C12 .. CG1 .. 4.11 Ang.
Alert level G PLAT199_ALERT_1_G Check the Reported _cell_measurement_temperature 293 K PLAT200_ALERT_1_G Check the Reported _diffrn_ambient_temperature . 293 K
0 ALERT level A = In general: serious problem 2 ALERT level B = Potentially serious problem 13 ALERT level C = Check and explain 2 ALERT level G = General alerts; check 2 ALERT type 1 CIF construction/syntax error, inconsistent or missing data 0 ALERT type 2 Indicator that the structure model may be wrong or deficient 0 ALERT type 3 Indicator that the structure quality may be low 15 ALERT type 4 Improvement, methodology, query or suggestion 0 ALERT type 5 Informative message, check

Comment top

Ammonium halides are widely studied cationic surfactants used in many fields such as micelar catalysis, medicine, detergency. Additionally they are able to change the nature of the surface of clay minerals, such as montmorillonite or bentonite, from hydrophilic to hydrophobic one (Kwolek et al., 2003). The title compound was investigated in the project on relationship between sorption properties of montmorillonite and the architecture of hydrophobic layers which are due to modifications of the clay mineral by, in this case, quaternary alkylammonium salts (Hodorowicz et al., 2003, 2005). The crystal structure analysis of benzyldimethylbutylammonium bromide was performed to find out the influence of molecular geometry on the packing properties of the ammonium cations. The molecular structure of the title compound is shown in Fig. 1. The symmetrically independent part of the unit cell is composed of the ammonium cation, showing pseudosymmetry m, and bromide counterion (N+···Br- = 4.287 (2) Å). The bond lengths and angles indicate the typical tetrahedral arragement of substituents at the N atom. The benzene rings are essentially planar, with a mean deviation of the C atoms from the best plane of 0.006 Å. The molecular dimensions are comparable with the values reported in the literature (Allen et al., 1987). Methyl and methylene groups as well as C—H of C31–C36 benzene ring of the quaternary ammonium cation are involved in weak intermolecular hydrogen interactions of C—H···Br- type (Table 1). This kind of interactions are responsible for self-assembly of ammonium cations in hydrophobic layers (Hodorowicz et al., 2003, 2005). The ammonium cations are packed in a pseudo-tetragonal `parquet'-style pattern, with Br- ions in between (Fig. 2).

Related literature top

For related literature, see: Hodorowicz et al. (2003, 2005); Kwolek et al. (2003); Kruger et al. (2003); Allen et al. (1987).

Experimental top

The title compoud was prepared by dissolving a (1:1) mixture of benzyl bromide [CH3(CH2)3Br] and N,N-dimethylbenzylamine [C6H5CH2N(CH3)2] in acetone at 273 K. The solution was slowly heated to room temperature to give colourless single crystals of the title compound. Recrystallization from acetone afforded crystals suitable for X-ray measurements.

Refinement top

All hydrogen atom positions were observed in difference Fourier map. Nevertheless, in the refinement procedure the hydrogen atoms were positioned geometrically and refined using a riding model (including free rotation about the C—C bond), with C—H = 0.95–0.99 Å (C—H = 0.97 Å for CH2 groups, 0.96 Å for CH3 groups, and 0.93 Å for aromatic CH) and with Uiso(H) = 1.5Ueq(C) for methyl groups and Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C) for all other H atoms.

Structure description top

Ammonium halides are widely studied cationic surfactants used in many fields such as micelar catalysis, medicine, detergency. Additionally they are able to change the nature of the surface of clay minerals, such as montmorillonite or bentonite, from hydrophilic to hydrophobic one (Kwolek et al., 2003). The title compound was investigated in the project on relationship between sorption properties of montmorillonite and the architecture of hydrophobic layers which are due to modifications of the clay mineral by, in this case, quaternary alkylammonium salts (Hodorowicz et al., 2003, 2005). The crystal structure analysis of benzyldimethylbutylammonium bromide was performed to find out the influence of molecular geometry on the packing properties of the ammonium cations. The molecular structure of the title compound is shown in Fig. 1. The symmetrically independent part of the unit cell is composed of the ammonium cation, showing pseudosymmetry m, and bromide counterion (N+···Br- = 4.287 (2) Å). The bond lengths and angles indicate the typical tetrahedral arragement of substituents at the N atom. The benzene rings are essentially planar, with a mean deviation of the C atoms from the best plane of 0.006 Å. The molecular dimensions are comparable with the values reported in the literature (Allen et al., 1987). Methyl and methylene groups as well as C—H of C31–C36 benzene ring of the quaternary ammonium cation are involved in weak intermolecular hydrogen interactions of C—H···Br- type (Table 1). This kind of interactions are responsible for self-assembly of ammonium cations in hydrophobic layers (Hodorowicz et al., 2003, 2005). The ammonium cations are packed in a pseudo-tetragonal `parquet'-style pattern, with Br- ions in between (Fig. 2).

For related literature, see: Hodorowicz et al. (2003, 2005); Kwolek et al. (2003); Kruger et al. (2003); Allen et al. (1987).

Computing details top

Data collection: COLLECT (Nonius, 2000); cell refinement: SCALEPACK (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997); data reduction: SCALEPACK (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997) and DENZO (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997); program(s) used to solve structure: SIR92 (Altomare et al., 1994); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1999) and Mercury (Macrae et al., 2006); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997).

Figures top
[Figure 1] Fig. 1. ORTEP-3 (Farrugia, 1999) drawing of the title compound with labels. Displacement ellipsoids of non-H atoms drawn at 30% probabilty level.
[Figure 2] Fig. 2. Mercury (Macrae et al., 2006) drawing of the ammonium cations packed in a pseudo-tetragonal `parquet'-style pattern, with Br- ions in between; viewed along [001].
Benzylbutyldimethylammonium bromide top
Crystal data top
C13H22N+·BrF(000) = 568
Mr = 272.23Dx = 1.313 Mg m3
Monoclinic, P21/nMo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
Hall symbol: -P 2ynCell parameters from 4362 reflections
a = 8.924 (2) Åθ = 1.0–32.0°
b = 9.046 (2) ŵ = 2.96 mm1
c = 17.183 (4) ÅT = 293 K
β = 96.787 (1)°Prism, colourless
V = 1377.4 (5) Å30.25 × 0.22 × 0.20 mm
Z = 4
Data collection top
Nonius KappaCCD area-detector
diffractometer
4725 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube3058 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Horizontally mounted graphite crystal monochromatorRint = 0.021
Detector resolution: 9 pixels mm-1θmax = 32.0°, θmin = 3.5°
φ and ω scans to fill the asymmetric unith = 013
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(DENZO and SCALEPACK; Otwinowski & Minor, 1997)
k = 1312
Tmin = 0.493, Tmax = 0.554l = 2525
7959 measured reflections
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
Least-squares matrix: fullHydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.038H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F2) = 0.077 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0084P)2 + 0.6796P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
S = 1.08(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
4725 reflectionsΔρmax = 0.36 e Å3
137 parametersΔρmin = 0.45 e Å3
0 restraintsExtinction correction: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997), Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methodsExtinction coefficient: 0.0556 (12)
Crystal data top
C13H22N+·BrV = 1377.4 (5) Å3
Mr = 272.23Z = 4
Monoclinic, P21/nMo Kα radiation
a = 8.924 (2) ŵ = 2.96 mm1
b = 9.046 (2) ÅT = 293 K
c = 17.183 (4) Å0.25 × 0.22 × 0.20 mm
β = 96.787 (1)°
Data collection top
Nonius KappaCCD area-detector
diffractometer
4725 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(DENZO and SCALEPACK; Otwinowski & Minor, 1997)
3058 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Tmin = 0.493, Tmax = 0.554Rint = 0.021
7959 measured reflections
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.0380 restraints
wR(F2) = 0.077H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.08Δρmax = 0.36 e Å3
4725 reflectionsΔρmin = 0.45 e Å3
137 parameters
Special details top

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
Br10.01487 (2)0.00013 (2)0.241455 (12)0.04883 (9)
N10.06917 (17)0.45897 (17)0.19138 (10)0.0387 (3)
C10.0634 (2)0.4635 (2)0.28006 (12)0.0433 (4)
H1A0.16340.48700.29320.052*
H1B0.03770.36560.30050.052*
C110.0478 (2)0.5733 (2)0.32121 (13)0.0505 (5)
H11A0.14940.54700.31160.061*
H11B0.02610.67140.30000.061*
C120.0385 (2)0.5749 (2)0.40864 (13)0.0510 (5)
H12A0.05830.47630.42960.061*
H12B0.06280.60270.41810.061*
C130.1511 (3)0.6825 (3)0.45093 (16)0.0700 (7)
H13A0.14210.68070.50600.084*
H13B0.13060.78040.43100.084*
H13C0.25150.65420.44250.084*
C20.1167 (3)0.6065 (2)0.15765 (13)0.0539 (5)
H2A0.21390.63180.17240.065*
H2B0.12230.60250.10160.065*
H2C0.04440.68000.17730.065*
C30.1856 (2)0.3414 (2)0.16165 (11)0.0418 (4)
H3A0.15790.24880.18800.050*
H3B0.28310.37050.17620.050*
C310.2008 (2)0.3157 (2)0.07474 (12)0.0412 (4)
C320.3044 (2)0.3941 (2)0.02355 (13)0.0513 (5)
H320.36410.46610.04320.062*
C330.3195 (3)0.3662 (3)0.05597 (14)0.0580 (6)
H330.38890.41960.08950.070*
C340.2324 (3)0.2596 (3)0.08580 (14)0.0581 (6)
H340.24240.24150.13940.070*
C350.1303 (3)0.1797 (2)0.03612 (14)0.0568 (5)
H350.07120.10780.05630.068*
C360.1154 (2)0.2061 (2)0.04369 (13)0.0488 (5)
H360.04770.15030.07700.059*
C40.0826 (2)0.4170 (3)0.16919 (13)0.0513 (5)
H4A0.11140.32220.19130.062*
H4B0.15570.48970.18890.062*
H4C0.07800.41210.11320.062*
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
Br10.04368 (12)0.04684 (12)0.05522 (14)0.00025 (9)0.00274 (8)0.00673 (10)
N10.0350 (7)0.0334 (7)0.0490 (9)0.0011 (6)0.0100 (7)0.0040 (6)
C10.0405 (9)0.0443 (11)0.0461 (10)0.0012 (8)0.0094 (8)0.0048 (8)
C110.0519 (12)0.0452 (11)0.0550 (12)0.0024 (9)0.0091 (10)0.0024 (10)
C120.0480 (11)0.0482 (12)0.0582 (13)0.0042 (9)0.0113 (10)0.0054 (10)
C130.0710 (16)0.0664 (16)0.0727 (17)0.0093 (13)0.0084 (13)0.0159 (14)
C20.0680 (14)0.0359 (10)0.0570 (13)0.0008 (10)0.0050 (11)0.0069 (9)
C30.0368 (9)0.0366 (9)0.0537 (11)0.0034 (7)0.0123 (8)0.0048 (8)
C310.0357 (9)0.0374 (9)0.0513 (11)0.0043 (7)0.0086 (8)0.0027 (8)
C320.0413 (10)0.0487 (12)0.0637 (14)0.0025 (9)0.0055 (10)0.0053 (10)
C330.0528 (12)0.0591 (14)0.0598 (14)0.0068 (10)0.0037 (10)0.0109 (11)
C340.0647 (14)0.0581 (14)0.0523 (13)0.0205 (11)0.0101 (11)0.0015 (11)
C350.0617 (13)0.0462 (12)0.0647 (14)0.0051 (10)0.0165 (11)0.0089 (11)
C360.0493 (11)0.0384 (10)0.0590 (13)0.0021 (8)0.0079 (9)0.0001 (9)
C40.0375 (10)0.0581 (13)0.0610 (13)0.0043 (9)0.0174 (9)0.0032 (11)
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
N1—C21.496 (2)C2—H2C0.9600
N1—C41.499 (2)C3—C311.501 (3)
N1—C11.519 (2)C3—H3A0.9700
N1—C31.532 (2)C3—H3B0.9700
N1—Br14.287 (2)C31—C321.392 (3)
C1—C111.518 (3)C31—C361.395 (3)
C1—H1A0.9700C32—C331.380 (3)
C1—H1B0.9700C32—H320.9300
C11—C121.515 (3)C33—C341.375 (3)
C11—H11A0.9700C33—H330.9300
C11—H11B0.9700C34—C351.378 (3)
C12—C131.520 (3)C34—H340.9300
C12—H12A0.9700C35—C361.383 (3)
C12—H12B0.9700C35—H350.9300
C13—H13A0.9600C36—H360.9300
C13—H13B0.9600C4—H4A0.9600
C13—H13C0.9600C4—H4B0.9600
C2—H2A0.9600C4—H4C0.9600
C2—H2B0.9600
C2—N1—C4110.54 (16)N1—C2—H2B109.5
C2—N1—C1109.82 (15)H2A—C2—H2B109.5
C4—N1—C1109.70 (15)N1—C2—H2C109.5
C2—N1—C3109.90 (15)H2A—C2—H2C109.5
C4—N1—C3109.68 (15)H2B—C2—H2C109.5
C1—N1—C3107.14 (14)C31—C3—N1114.67 (14)
C2—N1—Br1167.48 (12)C31—C3—H3A108.6
C4—N1—Br170.35 (10)N1—C3—H3A108.6
C1—N1—Br180.81 (9)C31—C3—H3B108.6
C3—N1—Br159.34 (9)N1—C3—H3B108.6
C11—C1—N1115.32 (16)H3A—C3—H3B107.6
C11—C1—H1A108.4C32—C31—C36118.2 (2)
N1—C1—H1A108.4C32—C31—C3121.68 (18)
C11—C1—H1B108.4C36—C31—C3120.06 (18)
N1—C1—H1B108.4C33—C32—C31120.8 (2)
H1A—C1—H1B107.5C33—C32—H32119.6
C12—C11—C1111.03 (17)C31—C32—H32119.6
C12—C11—H11A109.4C34—C33—C32120.2 (2)
C1—C11—H11A109.4C34—C33—H33119.9
C12—C11—H11B109.4C32—C33—H33119.9
C1—C11—H11B109.4C33—C34—C35119.9 (2)
H11A—C11—H11B108.0C33—C34—H34120.0
C11—C12—C13111.7 (2)C35—C34—H34120.0
C11—C12—H12A109.3C34—C35—C36120.2 (2)
C13—C12—H12A109.3C34—C35—H35119.9
C11—C12—H12B109.3C36—C35—H35119.9
C13—C12—H12B109.3C35—C36—C31120.6 (2)
H12A—C12—H12B107.9C35—C36—H36119.7
C12—C13—H13A109.5C31—C36—H36119.7
C12—C13—H13B109.5N1—C4—H4A109.5
H13A—C13—H13B109.5N1—C4—H4B109.5
C12—C13—H13C109.5H4A—C4—H4B109.5
H13A—C13—H13C109.5N1—C4—H4C109.5
H13B—C13—H13C109.5H4A—C4—H4C109.5
N1—C2—H2A109.5H4B—C4—H4C109.5
C2—N1—C1—C1161.3 (2)N1—C3—C31—C3290.8 (2)
C4—N1—C1—C1160.4 (2)N1—C3—C31—C3692.4 (2)
C3—N1—C1—C11179.40 (16)C36—C31—C32—C331.4 (3)
Br1—N1—C1—C11125.59 (16)C3—C31—C32—C33178.28 (19)
N1—C1—C11—C12176.89 (17)C31—C32—C33—C340.2 (3)
C1—C11—C12—C13179.01 (19)C32—C33—C34—C350.4 (3)
C2—N1—C3—C3163.8 (2)C33—C34—C35—C360.1 (3)
C4—N1—C3—C3158.0 (2)C34—C35—C36—C311.4 (3)
C1—N1—C3—C31176.96 (15)C32—C31—C36—C352.0 (3)
Br1—N1—C3—C31109.11 (16)C3—C31—C36—C35178.89 (18)
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C3—H3A···Br10.972.823.745 (2)160
C3—H3B···Br1i0.972.893.825 (2)162
C33—H33···Br1ii0.933.023.814 (2)145
C36—H36···Br10.933.133.929 (2)146
C2—H2C···Br1iii0.963.123.966 (2)148
C4—H4B···Br1iv0.963.043.811 (2)138
C4—H4A···Br10.963.194.038 (2)149
C11—H11B···Br1iii0.973.144.096 (2)170
C1—H1A···Br1i0.973.134.016 (2)153
C11—H11A···Br1iv0.973.264.222 (2)171
C35—H35···Br1v0.933.424.125 (2)134
C2—H2A···Br1i0.963.434.244 (2)144
C12—H12A···Cg1vi0.973.234.111152
C12—H12B···Cg1vii0.973.103.980151
Symmetry codes: (i) x1/2, y+1/2, z+1/2; (ii) x1/2, y+1/2, z1/2; (iii) x, y+1, z; (iv) x+1/2, y+1/2, z+1/2; (v) x, y, z; (vi) x1/2, y1/2, z1/2; (vii) x+3/2, y+1/2, z+1/2.

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formulaC13H22N+·Br
Mr272.23
Crystal system, space groupMonoclinic, P21/n
Temperature (K)293
a, b, c (Å)8.924 (2), 9.046 (2), 17.183 (4)
β (°) 96.787 (1)
V3)1377.4 (5)
Z4
Radiation typeMo Kα
µ (mm1)2.96
Crystal size (mm)0.25 × 0.22 × 0.20
Data collection
DiffractometerNonius KappaCCD area-detector
Absorption correctionMulti-scan
(DENZO and SCALEPACK; Otwinowski & Minor, 1997)
Tmin, Tmax0.493, 0.554
No. of measured, independent and
observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections
7959, 4725, 3058
Rint0.021
(sin θ/λ)max1)0.746
Refinement
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S 0.038, 0.077, 1.08
No. of reflections4725
No. of parameters137
H-atom treatmentH-atom parameters constrained
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å3)0.36, 0.45

Computer programs: COLLECT (Nonius, 2000), SCALEPACK (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997) and DENZO (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997), SIR92 (Altomare et al., 1994), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997), ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1999) and Mercury (Macrae et al., 2006).

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C3—H3A···Br10.972.823.745 (2)160.1
C3—H3B···Br1i0.972.893.825 (2)162.3
C33—H33···Br1ii0.933.023.814 (2)144.5
C36—H36···Br10.933.133.929 (2)145.6
C2—H2C···Br1iii0.963.123.966 (2)147.8
C4—H4B···Br1iv0.963.043.811 (2)138.2
C1—H1A···Br1i0.973.134.016 (2)153.4
C12—H12B···Cg1v0.973.103.980151.3
Symmetry codes: (i) x1/2, y+1/2, z+1/2; (ii) x1/2, y+1/2, z1/2; (iii) x, y+1, z; (iv) x+1/2, y+1/2, z+1/2; (v) x+3/2, y+1/2, z+1/2.
 

Subscribe to Acta Crystallographica Section E: Crystallographic Communications

The full text of this article is available to subscribers to the journal.

If you have already registered and are using a computer listed in your registration details, please email support@iucr.org for assistance.

Buy online

You may purchase this article in PDF and/or HTML formats. For purchasers in the European Community who do not have a VAT number, VAT will be added at the local rate. Payments to the IUCr are handled by WorldPay, who will accept payment by credit card in several currencies. To purchase the article, please complete the form below (fields marked * are required), and then click on `Continue'.
E-mail address* 
Repeat e-mail address* 
(for error checking) 

Format*   PDF (US $40)
   HTML (US $40)
   PDF+HTML (US $50)
In order for VAT to be shown for your country javascript needs to be enabled.

VAT number 
(non-UK EC countries only) 
Country* 
 

Terms and conditions of use
Contact us

Follow Acta Cryst. E
Sign up for e-alerts
Follow Acta Cryst. on Twitter
Follow us on facebook
Sign up for RSS feeds