Time-resolved neutron diffraction analyses of hydrothermal syntheses using a novel autoclave cell

An autoclave cell has been designed for performing time-resolved neutron diffraction analyses of the dynamic processes occurring during hydrothermal syntheses under hostile (corrosive and explosive) conditions: such conditions include those of hot NaOH/NaOD solutions and pressurized steam. The cell is also capable of measuring differential pressures and accurate sample temperatures as required for the study of reactions which are temperature sensitive. The cell is described and examples of its successful use are given illustrating the synthesis of basic zeolites and a layered calcium silicate hydrate. This technique has considerable potential for studying a variety of synthesis processes of industrial importance, such as in the production of catalysts and the hydration of cements.