Supporting information
Crystallographic Information File (CIF) https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536807023744/bh2101sup1.cif | |
Structure factor file (CIF format) https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536807023744/bh2101Isup2.hkl |
CCDC reference: 650565
Key indicators
- Single-crystal X-ray study
- T = 295 K
- Mean (C-C) = 0.005 Å
- R factor = 0.046
- wR factor = 0.144
- Data-to-parameter ratio = 14.2
checkCIF/PLATON results
No syntax errors found
Alert level C PLAT720_ALERT_4_C Number of Unusual/Non-Standard Label(s) ........ 6
Alert level G PLAT794_ALERT_5_G Check Predicted Bond Valency for Cu1 (2) 2.07 PLAT860_ALERT_3_G Note: Number of Least-Squares Restraints ....... 10
0 ALERT level A = In general: serious problem 0 ALERT level B = Potentially serious problem 1 ALERT level C = Check and explain 2 ALERT level G = General alerts; check 0 ALERT type 1 CIF construction/syntax error, inconsistent or missing data 0 ALERT type 2 Indicator that the structure model may be wrong or deficient 1 ALERT type 3 Indicator that the structure quality may be low 1 ALERT type 4 Improvement, methodology, query or suggestion 1 ALERT type 5 Informative message, check
The structure of 3-(4-carboxyphenoxy)propionic acid, 3-(p-CPOPH2), has been reported previously (Gao & Ng, 2006). In our previous work, a CoII complex of 3-(p-CPOP) has been characterized by X-ray crystallography (Xiao et al., 2006).
Copper(II) diacetate monohydrate (2 g, 10 mmol) was added to a hot aqueous solution of 3-(4-carboxyphenoxy)propionic acid (2.10 g, 10 mmol). Sodium hydroxide (0.1 M) was added dropwise until the solution registered a pH of 6. Blue single crystals separated from the filtered solution after several days. C, H analysis: calc. for C20H30O16Cu: C 40.72, H 5.13%. Found: C 40.75, H 5.11%.
All C-bonded H atoms were placed in calculated positions with C—H = 0.93 (aromatic CH) or 0.97 Å (methylene CH2) and Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq (carrier C). They were included in the refinement in the riding model approximation. H atoms of water molecules and carboxylic acid group were located in a difference map and refined with O—H and H···H distances restrained to 0.85 (1) and 1.39 (1) Å, respectively, and with Uiso(H) = 1.5Ueq(carrier O).
3-(4-Carboxyphenoxy)propionic acid acid [3-(p-CPOPH2)] is a dicarboxylic acid with both rigid and flexible parts, and is an excellent candidate for the construction of supramolecular architectures (Gao & Ng, 2006). Recently, we have reported a dinuclear CoII complex based on the 3-(4-carboxylatophenoxy)propionate ligand, 3-(p-CPOP), namely [Co2(C10H8O5)2(H2O)8].4H2O (Xiao et al., 2006).
As illustrated in Fig. 1, the title complex has a mononuclear structure, in which the 3-(4-carboxyphenoxy)propionate ligands are coordinated to the Cu atom through the carboxylate O atoms in a monodentate fashion. The Cu atom is located on an inversion center and is coordinated by two O atoms of [3-(p-CPOPH)]- groups and four water molecules. The Cu—Ocarboxyl bond length is 2.072 (2) Å, and the Cu—O1w and Cu—O2w bond lengths are 2.055 (2) and 2.091 (2) Å. The oxypropionate group is twisted out of the benzene plane and the C4—O3—C3—C2 torsion angle is 175.1 (3)°. A three-dimensional supramolecular network structure is formed through the extended hydrogen-bonding interactions between water molecules and 3-(4-carboxyphenoxy)propionate ligands.
The structure of 3-(4-carboxyphenoxy)propionic acid, 3-(p-CPOPH2), has been reported previously (Gao & Ng, 2006). In our previous work, a CoII complex of 3-(p-CPOP) has been characterized by X-ray crystallography (Xiao et al., 2006).
Data collection: RAPID-AUTO (Rigaku Corporation, 1998); cell refinement: RAPID-AUTO; data reduction: CrystalStructure (Rigaku/MSC, 2002); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997); molecular graphics: CrystalStructure; software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97.
[Cu(C10H9O5)2(H2O)4]·2H2O | F(000) = 614 |
Mr = 589.98 | Dx = 1.652 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ybc | Cell parameters from 12020 reflections |
a = 22.481 (5) Å | θ = 3.3–27.5° |
b = 10.489 (2) Å | µ = 1.00 mm−1 |
c = 5.0315 (10) Å | T = 295 K |
β = 92.01 (3)° | Block, blue |
V = 1185.7 (4) Å3 | 0.34 × 0.24 × 0.16 mm |
Z = 2 |
Rigaku R-AXIS RAPID diffractometer | 2700 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 1952 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.058 |
Detector resolution: 10 pixels mm-1 | θmax = 27.5°, θmin = 3.3° |
ω scan | h = −27→28 |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (ABSCOR; Higashi, 1995) | k = −13→13 |
Tmin = 0.727, Tmax = 0.856 | l = −6→5 |
18487 measured reflections |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.046 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.144 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.11 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.067P)2 + 1.427P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
2700 reflections | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
190 parameters | Δρmax = 0.59 e Å−3 |
10 restraints | Δρmin = −0.67 e Å−3 |
[Cu(C10H9O5)2(H2O)4]·2H2O | V = 1185.7 (4) Å3 |
Mr = 589.98 | Z = 2 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 22.481 (5) Å | µ = 1.00 mm−1 |
b = 10.489 (2) Å | T = 295 K |
c = 5.0315 (10) Å | 0.34 × 0.24 × 0.16 mm |
β = 92.01 (3)° |
Rigaku R-AXIS RAPID diffractometer | 2700 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (ABSCOR; Higashi, 1995) | 1952 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.727, Tmax = 0.856 | Rint = 0.058 |
18487 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.046 | 10 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.144 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.11 | Δρmax = 0.59 e Å−3 |
2700 reflections | Δρmin = −0.67 e Å−3 |
190 parameters |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
Cu1 | 0.5000 | 0.5000 | 0.5000 | 0.02591 (19) | |
O1W | 0.48049 (10) | 0.6638 (2) | 0.2903 (5) | 0.0271 (5) | |
H1W1 | 0.4445 (6) | 0.670 (3) | 0.329 (8) | 0.041* | |
H1W2 | 0.4980 (12) | 0.7350 (19) | 0.306 (8) | 0.041* | |
O2W | 0.45059 (10) | 0.3984 (2) | 0.2108 (4) | 0.0285 (5) | |
H2W1 | 0.4174 (9) | 0.372 (4) | 0.263 (7) | 0.043* | |
H2W2 | 0.4461 (15) | 0.436 (4) | 0.063 (5) | 0.043* | |
O3W | 0.34049 (12) | 0.3097 (3) | 0.3764 (5) | 0.0391 (6) | |
H3W1 | 0.3159 (17) | 0.371 (3) | 0.388 (7) | 0.059* | |
H3W2 | 0.3470 (19) | 0.276 (4) | 0.527 (4) | 0.059* | |
O1 | 0.57442 (10) | 0.4844 (2) | 0.2707 (4) | 0.0267 (5) | |
O2 | 0.62831 (10) | 0.3584 (3) | 0.5433 (5) | 0.0349 (6) | |
O3 | 0.74732 (10) | 0.5110 (2) | 0.4805 (5) | 0.0316 (5) | |
O4 | 0.97158 (12) | 0.4020 (3) | 1.2501 (6) | 0.0496 (7) | |
O5 | 0.94757 (13) | 0.6015 (3) | 1.3586 (6) | 0.0532 (8) | |
H10 | 0.9724 (19) | 0.601 (6) | 1.489 (7) | 0.080* | |
C1 | 0.62233 (14) | 0.4256 (3) | 0.3416 (6) | 0.0248 (7) | |
C2 | 0.67492 (14) | 0.4399 (3) | 0.1609 (6) | 0.0280 (7) | |
H7 | 0.6690 | 0.3842 | 0.0084 | 0.034* | |
H2 | 0.6762 | 0.5269 | 0.0961 | 0.034* | |
C3 | 0.73369 (14) | 0.4085 (3) | 0.2980 (6) | 0.0281 (7) | |
H4 | 0.7310 | 0.3284 | 0.3933 | 0.034* | |
H3 | 0.7645 | 0.4009 | 0.1689 | 0.034* | |
C4 | 0.79649 (14) | 0.5024 (3) | 0.6474 (7) | 0.0263 (7) | |
C5 | 0.83516 (15) | 0.3997 (3) | 0.6581 (7) | 0.0311 (7) | |
H5 | 0.8293 | 0.3309 | 0.5435 | 0.037* | |
C6 | 0.88292 (15) | 0.4003 (4) | 0.8421 (7) | 0.0322 (8) | |
H6 | 0.9091 | 0.3315 | 0.8497 | 0.039* | |
C7 | 0.89182 (15) | 0.5021 (3) | 1.0134 (7) | 0.0303 (7) | |
C8 | 0.85372 (17) | 0.6061 (4) | 0.9960 (8) | 0.0370 (8) | |
H8 | 0.8603 | 0.6760 | 1.1070 | 0.044* | |
C9 | 0.80624 (15) | 0.6065 (3) | 0.8157 (7) | 0.0342 (8) | |
H9 | 0.7807 | 0.6762 | 0.8061 | 0.041* | |
C10 | 0.94073 (16) | 0.5011 (4) | 1.2192 (7) | 0.0330 (8) |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Cu1 | 0.0282 (3) | 0.0251 (3) | 0.0243 (3) | 0.0013 (2) | −0.0005 (2) | 0.0011 (2) |
O1W | 0.0294 (12) | 0.0222 (12) | 0.0296 (12) | 0.0005 (9) | 0.0010 (10) | 0.0045 (9) |
O2W | 0.0295 (12) | 0.0306 (13) | 0.0252 (12) | −0.0029 (10) | −0.0003 (10) | 0.0017 (9) |
O3W | 0.0416 (15) | 0.0366 (15) | 0.0389 (15) | 0.0026 (12) | −0.0002 (12) | −0.0001 (12) |
O1 | 0.0229 (11) | 0.0348 (13) | 0.0224 (11) | 0.0045 (9) | −0.0006 (9) | 0.0040 (9) |
O2 | 0.0312 (13) | 0.0435 (15) | 0.0298 (13) | 0.0054 (11) | 0.0004 (10) | 0.0134 (11) |
O3 | 0.0292 (12) | 0.0308 (13) | 0.0341 (13) | 0.0044 (10) | −0.0098 (10) | −0.0068 (10) |
O4 | 0.0429 (15) | 0.0512 (18) | 0.0534 (18) | 0.0084 (13) | −0.0180 (13) | −0.0014 (14) |
O5 | 0.0532 (17) | 0.0535 (19) | 0.0510 (19) | −0.0015 (14) | −0.0258 (14) | −0.0071 (14) |
C1 | 0.0278 (16) | 0.0251 (16) | 0.0213 (15) | −0.0016 (13) | −0.0031 (12) | −0.0041 (12) |
C2 | 0.0270 (16) | 0.0305 (18) | 0.0263 (16) | 0.0008 (13) | −0.0012 (13) | −0.0015 (13) |
C3 | 0.0263 (16) | 0.0302 (18) | 0.0276 (17) | 0.0004 (13) | −0.0015 (13) | −0.0045 (13) |
C4 | 0.0205 (14) | 0.0312 (17) | 0.0267 (16) | −0.0018 (13) | −0.0042 (12) | 0.0029 (13) |
C5 | 0.0309 (17) | 0.0303 (18) | 0.0319 (18) | 0.0007 (14) | −0.0019 (14) | −0.0031 (14) |
C6 | 0.0274 (17) | 0.0344 (19) | 0.0346 (19) | 0.0039 (14) | −0.0031 (14) | 0.0032 (14) |
C7 | 0.0238 (16) | 0.0368 (19) | 0.0300 (17) | −0.0018 (14) | −0.0029 (13) | 0.0025 (14) |
C8 | 0.0379 (19) | 0.034 (2) | 0.038 (2) | −0.0003 (15) | −0.0066 (15) | −0.0069 (15) |
C9 | 0.0314 (18) | 0.0292 (19) | 0.041 (2) | 0.0030 (14) | −0.0077 (15) | −0.0016 (15) |
C10 | 0.0301 (17) | 0.040 (2) | 0.0288 (17) | −0.0027 (15) | −0.0050 (14) | 0.0022 (15) |
Cu1—O1W | 2.055 (2) | O5—H10 | 0.85 (4) |
Cu1—O1Wi | 2.055 (2) | C1—C2 | 1.524 (5) |
Cu1—O1i | 2.072 (2) | C2—C3 | 1.505 (4) |
Cu1—O1 | 2.072 (2) | C2—H7 | 0.9700 |
Cu1—O2W | 2.091 (2) | C2—H2 | 0.9700 |
Cu1—O2Wi | 2.091 (2) | C3—H4 | 0.9700 |
O1W—H1W1 | 0.841 (10) | C3—H3 | 0.9700 |
O1W—H1W2 | 0.846 (10) | C4—C5 | 1.384 (5) |
O2W—H2W1 | 0.85 (3) | C4—C9 | 1.394 (5) |
O2W—H2W2 | 0.85 (3) | C5—C6 | 1.393 (5) |
O3W—H3W1 | 0.85 (3) | C5—H5 | 0.9300 |
O3W—H3W2 | 0.85 (3) | C6—C7 | 1.382 (5) |
O1—C1 | 1.281 (4) | C6—H6 | 0.9300 |
O2—C1 | 1.240 (4) | C7—C8 | 1.388 (5) |
O3—C4 | 1.368 (4) | C7—C10 | 1.484 (5) |
O3—C3 | 1.440 (4) | C8—C9 | 1.376 (5) |
O4—C10 | 1.256 (5) | C8—H8 | 0.9300 |
O5—C10 | 1.272 (5) | C9—H9 | 0.9300 |
O1W—Cu1—O1Wi | 180.0 | C3—C2—H2 | 109.0 |
O1W—Cu1—O1i | 93.34 (9) | C1—C2—H2 | 109.0 |
O1Wi—Cu1—O1i | 86.66 (9) | H7—C2—H2 | 107.8 |
O1W—Cu1—O1 | 86.66 (9) | O3—C3—C2 | 107.0 (3) |
O1Wi—Cu1—O1 | 93.34 (9) | O3—C3—H4 | 110.3 |
O1i—Cu1—O1 | 180.0 | C2—C3—H4 | 110.3 |
O1W—Cu1—O2W | 88.27 (9) | O3—C3—H3 | 110.3 |
O1Wi—Cu1—O2W | 91.73 (9) | C2—C3—H3 | 110.3 |
O1i—Cu1—O2W | 90.46 (9) | H4—C3—H3 | 108.6 |
O1—Cu1—O2W | 89.54 (9) | O3—C4—C5 | 124.6 (3) |
O1W—Cu1—O2Wi | 91.73 (9) | O3—C4—C9 | 115.4 (3) |
O1Wi—Cu1—O2Wi | 88.27 (9) | C5—C4—C9 | 120.0 (3) |
O1i—Cu1—O2Wi | 89.54 (9) | C4—C5—C6 | 119.4 (3) |
O1—Cu1—O2Wi | 90.46 (9) | C4—C5—H5 | 120.3 |
O2W—Cu1—O2Wi | 180.0 | C6—C5—H5 | 120.3 |
Cu1—O1W—H1W1 | 98 (3) | C7—C6—C5 | 120.6 (3) |
Cu1—O1W—H1W2 | 127 (3) | C7—C6—H6 | 119.7 |
H1W1—O1W—H1W2 | 110.8 (17) | C5—C6—H6 | 119.7 |
Cu1—O2W—H2W1 | 114 (3) | C6—C7—C8 | 119.5 (3) |
Cu1—O2W—H2W2 | 115 (3) | C6—C7—C10 | 121.1 (3) |
H2W1—O2W—H2W2 | 110.3 (17) | C8—C7—C10 | 119.3 (3) |
H3W1—O3W—H3W2 | 110 (4) | C9—C8—C7 | 120.4 (3) |
C1—O1—Cu1 | 124.8 (2) | C9—C8—H8 | 119.8 |
C4—O3—C3 | 119.5 (2) | C7—C8—H8 | 119.8 |
C10—O5—H10 | 119 (4) | C8—C9—C4 | 120.0 (3) |
O2—C1—O1 | 124.6 (3) | C8—C9—H9 | 120.0 |
O2—C1—C2 | 118.7 (3) | C4—C9—H9 | 120.0 |
O1—C1—C2 | 116.7 (3) | O4—C10—O5 | 124.1 (3) |
C3—C2—C1 | 113.1 (3) | O4—C10—C7 | 119.0 (3) |
C3—C2—H7 | 109.0 | O5—C10—C7 | 116.8 (3) |
C1—C2—H7 | 109.0 | ||
O1W—Cu1—O1—C1 | 154.6 (3) | C9—C4—C5—C6 | 1.4 (5) |
O1Wi—Cu1—O1—C1 | −25.4 (3) | C4—C5—C6—C7 | 0.1 (5) |
O2W—Cu1—O1—C1 | −117.1 (3) | C5—C6—C7—C8 | −1.9 (5) |
O2Wi—Cu1—O1—C1 | 62.9 (3) | C5—C6—C7—C10 | 176.9 (3) |
Cu1—O1—C1—O2 | 8.4 (5) | C6—C7—C8—C9 | 2.1 (6) |
Cu1—O1—C1—C2 | −172.1 (2) | C10—C7—C8—C9 | −176.7 (3) |
O2—C1—C2—C3 | −20.4 (4) | C7—C8—C9—C4 | −0.5 (6) |
O1—C1—C2—C3 | 160.1 (3) | O3—C4—C9—C8 | 178.4 (3) |
C4—O3—C3—C2 | 175.1 (3) | C5—C4—C9—C8 | −1.2 (5) |
C1—C2—C3—O3 | −72.2 (3) | C6—C7—C10—O4 | −5.3 (5) |
C3—O3—C4—C5 | −0.7 (5) | C8—C7—C10—O4 | 173.5 (4) |
C3—O3—C4—C9 | 179.7 (3) | C6—C7—C10—O5 | 176.4 (3) |
O3—C4—C5—C6 | −178.2 (3) | C8—C7—C10—O5 | −4.9 (5) |
Symmetry code: (i) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O5—H10···O4ii | 0.85 (4) | 1.79 (4) | 2.632 (4) | 176 (6) |
O1W—H1W1···O2i | 0.84 (2) | 1.81 (1) | 2.623 (3) | 164 (4) |
O1W—H1W2···O2Wiii | 0.85 (4) | 2.07 (1) | 2.909 (3) | 170 (3) |
O2W—H2W1···O3W | 0.85 (4) | 1.95 (3) | 2.798 (4) | 179 (4) |
O2W—H2W2···O1iv | 0.85 (4) | 1.92 (3) | 2.756 (3) | 173 (3) |
O3W—H3W1···O3i | 0.85 (4) | 2.01 (4) | 2.838 (4) | 163 (4) |
O3W—H3W2···O3Wv | 0.85 (4) | 1.99 (2) | 2.811 (2) | 166 (4) |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1; (ii) −x+2, −y+1, −z+3; (iii) −x+1, y+1/2, −z+1/2; (iv) −x+1, −y+1, −z; (v) x, −y+1/2, z+1/2. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | [Cu(C10H9O5)2(H2O)4]·2H2O |
Mr | 589.98 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21/c |
Temperature (K) | 295 |
a, b, c (Å) | 22.481 (5), 10.489 (2), 5.0315 (10) |
β (°) | 92.01 (3) |
V (Å3) | 1185.7 (4) |
Z | 2 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 1.00 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.34 × 0.24 × 0.16 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Rigaku R-AXIS RAPID |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (ABSCOR; Higashi, 1995) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.727, 0.856 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 18487, 2700, 1952 |
Rint | 0.058 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.649 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.046, 0.144, 1.11 |
No. of reflections | 2700 |
No. of parameters | 190 |
No. of restraints | 10 |
H-atom treatment | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.59, −0.67 |
Computer programs: RAPID-AUTO (Rigaku Corporation, 1998), RAPID-AUTO, CrystalStructure (Rigaku/MSC, 2002), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997), CrystalStructure, SHELXL97.
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O5—H10···O4i | 0.85 (4) | 1.79 (4) | 2.632 (4) | 176 (6) |
O1W—H1W1···O2ii | 0.841 (17) | 1.805 (13) | 2.623 (3) | 164 (4) |
O1W—H1W2···O2Wiii | 0.85 (4) | 2.072 (11) | 2.909 (3) | 170 (3) |
O2W—H2W1···O3W | 0.85 (4) | 1.95 (3) | 2.798 (4) | 179 (4) |
O2W—H2W2···O1iv | 0.85 (4) | 1.92 (3) | 2.756 (3) | 173 (3) |
O3W—H3W1···O3ii | 0.85 (4) | 2.01 (4) | 2.838 (4) | 163 (4) |
O3W—H3W2···O3Wv | 0.85 (4) | 1.985 (15) | 2.811 (2) | 166 (4) |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+2, −y+1, −z+3; (ii) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1; (iii) −x+1, y+1/2, −z+1/2; (iv) −x+1, −y+1, −z; (v) x, −y+1/2, z+1/2. |
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3-(4-Carboxyphenoxy)propionic acid acid [3-(p-CPOPH2)] is a dicarboxylic acid with both rigid and flexible parts, and is an excellent candidate for the construction of supramolecular architectures (Gao & Ng, 2006). Recently, we have reported a dinuclear CoII complex based on the 3-(4-carboxylatophenoxy)propionate ligand, 3-(p-CPOP), namely [Co2(C10H8O5)2(H2O)8].4H2O (Xiao et al., 2006).
As illustrated in Fig. 1, the title complex has a mononuclear structure, in which the 3-(4-carboxyphenoxy)propionate ligands are coordinated to the Cu atom through the carboxylate O atoms in a monodentate fashion. The Cu atom is located on an inversion center and is coordinated by two O atoms of [3-(p-CPOPH)]- groups and four water molecules. The Cu—Ocarboxyl bond length is 2.072 (2) Å, and the Cu—O1w and Cu—O2w bond lengths are 2.055 (2) and 2.091 (2) Å. The oxypropionate group is twisted out of the benzene plane and the C4—O3—C3—C2 torsion angle is 175.1 (3)°. A three-dimensional supramolecular network structure is formed through the extended hydrogen-bonding interactions between water molecules and 3-(4-carboxyphenoxy)propionate ligands.