Acta Crystallographica Section D

Biological Crystallography

Volume 60, Part 12 Number 1 (December 2004)


research papers



Acta Cryst. (2004). D60, 2156-2168    [ doi:10.1107/S090744490402356X ]

Introduction to macromolecular refinement

D. E. Tronrud

Abstract: The process of refinement is such a large problem in function minimization that even the computers of today cannot perform the calculations to properly fit X-ray diffraction data. Each of the refinement packages currently under development reduces the difficulty of this problem by utilizing a unique combination of targets, assumptions and optimization methods. This review summarizes the basic methods and underlying assumptions in the commonly used refinement packages. This information can guide the selection of a refinement package that is best suited for a particular refinement project.

Keywords: macromolecular refinement; refinement software.

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